漸入體制──五代時期東南禪宗的政教處境及其歷史意涵

The Political and Religious Contexts of Southeast Chan Buddhism during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and Its Historical Significance

在過往的中國佛教史研究中，關於十世紀的五代十國政教關係可是研究史上相對薄弱的一環，不僅措意者寡，且從現有成果看來，學界對於被視作正統王朝代表的北方五代之認識，也較同時期南方諸國系統要全面。這很大程度是由於，學人在處理五代南方政權與佛教交涉課題時，多以國別為單位，而少採較宏觀視角切入。不過，筆者在梳理唐宋之際的禪宗材料時，意外發現以燈史為主的宗門文獻，其實保藏了禪宗在王閩、南漢、南唐、吳越等東南諸國─亦即五代十國禪宗的幾大盛行地─的豐富材料，極適合取來進行分析、比較。有鑑於此，本文試圖從禪宗視角著手，就目前所知尚少的五代時期南方國家之佛教控管議題，提供一點觀察。主要論點是，此時期的禪宗迫於時代動盪，不得不主動為地方政權提供各式宗教服務，以換取政治力庇護。在此過程中，禪宗教團以前所未見的程度被納入國家體制之中，從而出現某種「類官僚化」傾向。相較唐代禪宗前輩的濃厚體制外色彩，禪宗在此時可歷經了顯著的體質轉換，此過程具體而微地展示中古佛教如何在第十世紀被更廣泛、普遍地納進政府管轄，從而對承其發展的宋代禪宗所處造成根本性影響。

In the abundance of previous studies on the history of Buddhism in China, the relationship between Buddhism and politics during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period in the tenth century is a topic that has received relatively less attention. When considering available research, it is apparent that our knowledge of the northern Five Dynasties, which are considered representative of orthodox dynasties, is more comprehensive and systematic than that of the southern Ten Kingdoms. This is primarily because scholars have tended to focus on individual states instead of embracing more comprehensive approaches in their investigations of the relationship between the southern regimes and Buddhism during this period. While examining the Chan Buddhist materials of the Tang-Song interregnum, the author has unexpectedly discovered that the related Chan literature contains a wealth of information on the circumstances of Chan Buddhism in the southeast regional states. Specifically, the Min, Southern Han, Southern Tang, and Wuyue kingdoms were prominent regions where Chan Buddhism thrived. These materials consequently serve as an excellent foundation for analysis and comparison, allowing this paper to present preliminary observations on how the aforementioned southern states exerted control over Buddhism within their borders. The main argument posits that during this period, Chan Buddhism faced certain tumultuous circumstances that compelled it to offer diverse religious services to local authorities in return for political support. As a result, Chan Buddhism became integrated into the state system to an unprecedented extent, fostering a notable trend towards“quasi-bureaucratization.”This transformation concretely illustrates how medieval Buddhism was more extensively and universally brought under government control in the tenth century, fundamentally impacting Song dynasty Chan, which would inherit its development.