在帝國交會之處的民族形態??天主教與波蘭民族主義的建構

The Configuration of National Building at the Intersection of Empires: The Construction of Catholicism and Polish Nationalism

天主教向來被認為是波蘭民族主義的核心元素，並據有宛如原生性元素的地位。本文認為宗教元素與民族主義間的關係，其實也是社會建構的，而社會建構是在現代情境下作為民族認同的依據，藉以消解其面對威脅而進行社會整合的參照。有鑑於此，本文首先指出當代對於民族主義在「原生論vs.建構論」的研究策略，不僅是個欠缺歷史社會深度的區分，而且它還往往與「族群—公民」民族主義的區分串連，除了過度簡化，此一區分還有好壞的看法，即有違學術研究的科學性。為此，本文提出了關係主義式的建構論，並在「我群vs.他者」及「安全vs.威脅」之間，掌握所謂的「關係」及隨之而來的「社會建構」；其次，波蘭民族主義所生成的處境，不僅得面對在此交會的帝國，還經歷了三次的瓜分與亡國，致使天主教成為波蘭與週邊帝國區分，並建構「我群」之持久性的元素。最後，本文即具體地以第二共和前後、冷戰期間及全球化時期，說明天主教在波蘭民族主義之建構中的角色。

Catholicism has long been regarded as a core element of Polish nationalism, with an almost primordial status. This article argues that the relationship between religious elements and nationalism is, in fact, a social construction, which, in the modern context, serves as the basis for national identity. It first points out that contemporary research on nationalism, framed within the“primordialism vs. constructivism”debate, not only lacks historical and social depth but also often aligns with the“ethnic vs. civic”distinction in nationalism. This article proposes a relational constructivism, focusing on the“relation”between“us”and the“other,”as well as“security”and“threat,”which leads to the process of social construction. Secondly, it contends that the context in which Polish nationalism emerged not only had to contend with the empires at the crossroads but also underwent three partitions and the loss of the state, which made Catholicism a distinguishing element between Poland and the surrounding empires, contributing to the longevity of the Polish“self.”Finally, the paper concretely illustrates the role of Catholicism in the construction of Polish nationalism through three key periods: the interwar period, the Cold War, and the era of globalization.