Extraction optimization of antifungal from Momordica charantia seeds against green mold disease in mushroom cultivation

Extraction optimization of antifungal from Momordica charantia seeds against green mold disease in mushroom cultivation

Gray oyster mushroom cultivation continuously suffers from green mold diseases mainly caused by Trichoderma spp. in which the infection has caused a reduction in cropping quantity, production, and harvest quality, which has led to substantial mushroom yield decreases and economic repercussions. Trichoderma spp. has been identified for its pathogenic potential on mushrooms and also other agricultural products, which highlights the necessity for an effective control strategy to mitigate green mold disease infection. Momordica charantia seeds are waste produced from food processing consisting of a high protein concentration and have been reported as a potent antifungal agent against Fusarium oxysporum. However, the protein of M. charantia seed extract has not been optimized despite its effectiveness as well as its antifungal activity against Trichoderma spp. is not well discovered. Hence, the primary objective of this research is to optimize the M. charantia seed protein extract (MSPE) using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UEA) and to assess its antifungal properties against Trichoderma spp. In this study, the optimal protein concentration was 22.80 mg/mL, which was attained by using 1.58 M NaCl, 0.3 solute-to-solvent (g/mL), and 7.68 minutes extraction time. The TPC and TFC of the MSPE were 16.45 mg GAE/g extract and 5.78 mg NE/g extract, respectively. From the isolation of the infected mushroom bag, Trichoderma sp. ZH1 (Accession no.: DQ282127) was the closest species. The maximum inhibition of MSPE towards Trichoderma sp. ZH1 was 75.44% at 22.50 mg/mL. The LC50 and LC90 values were 13.62 mg/mL and 24.97 mg/mL respectively. The MGI and SGI at LC50 were 52.91% and 55% respectively. The current study indicated that MSPE significantly influenced the reduction of mycelium growth, and spore germination in vitro. Therefore, this study demonstrated the M. charantia seed extract's efficacy in controlling Trichoderma sp. ZH1 in mushroom cultivation and can be potentially applied as a green alternative for better mushroom disease management.