托多羅夫論「懸念／驚奇」

托多羅夫的《驚奇文學引論》（1970）常被引述於科幻或奇幻研究。尤其在1970年代的北美受到相當重視，科幻學者如史勾斯（1975）在該書遭受誤解時挺身辯護，蘇文著作中（1972, 1979）則潛藏連結。然而，該書容易產生誤解，因為法文“La litterature fantastique”（驚奇文學）不能夠望文生義地等同於英文“Fantasy literature”（奇幻文學）。為了澄清何謂「驚奇文學」，本文首先說明其運作涉及一條界線，兩個時間，三項性質，四種類型；接著，我們爬梳該書理論裝置核心「足堪信實」與巴特所謂「真實的效果」的關聯性。最後，以北美收受的情況，本文一方面指出蘇文「認知與疏離」之說與托多羅夫見解的親緣性，另一方面呈現該書的誤譯情況不僅發生在英譯本（1973, 1975），也迴盪於晚近的中譯本（2015）。在釐清相關術語的同時，我們也致力於提出更洽當的中譯，希望讓托多羅夫的理論裝置得以更加順利地運作在中文這個語言環境。

Tzvetan Todorov’s Introduction a la litterature fantastique (1970) is often cited in studies of science fiction or fantasy. Especially in North America in the 1970s, it received considerable attention. Science fiction scholars such as Robert Scholes (1975) defended the misunderstood book, to which the works of Darko Suvin (1972, 1979) have hidden links as well. The book is prone to misunderstandings, because la litterature fantastique in French cannot be translated, word by word, as“fantasy literature”in English. In order to clarify what la litterature fantastique is, this article first explains that its operation involves a boundary, two times, three properties, and four types; we then put into perspective the connection between le vraisemblable and what Roland Barthes called l’effet de reel. Finally, based on the concept’s reception in North America, on the one hand, this article points out the affinity between Suvin’s“estrangement and cognition”and Todorov’s insights; on the other hand, I show that the mistranslation of the book does not only occur in the English versions (1973, 1975), but also echoes in its recent Chinese translation (2015). While clarifying its terminology, we hope to propose a more appropriate Chinese translation so that Todorov’s theoretical device can operate more smoothly in the Chinese-language environment.