藥病隱喻與朱熹《論語》詮釋的困境

The Predicament of the Medicine-Illness Metaphor and Zhu Xi’s Interpretation of the Analects of Confucius

朱熹認為讀書應聚焦於聖人如何教人做工夫，聖人教人如同用藥治病。朱熹以「道德是健康」的隱喻概念為核心，發展出透過藥病隱喻詮釋《論語》的模型。藥病隱喻造成向藥求病、師生對峙的問題，受歷代學者不少討論。本文試就當代隱喻理論的角度探討隱含其間的詮釋之道，並分別從隱喻利用的凸出顯示與隱藏、救病是積極介入的行為、藥毒並存、藥病相互為用等方面，說明朱熹藥病隱喻的蘊涵狹隘，不足以概括孔子教法全體。另從《論語》中疾病的正面效應，說明孔子對疾病的看法與朱熹異趣。

Zhu Xi considers that the focus of studying should revolve around how the sages teach people to cultivate their virtues, which is analogous to the way medicine treats diseases. Employing the metaphor of“Moral is Health”as the core concept, Zhu Xi developed a model for interpreting the Analects of Confucius through the metaphor of using medicine to cure illness. However, the medicineillness metaphor, which has been extensively discussed by scholars throughout the ages, results in the problem of identifying“medicine”to the teachings of Confucius and associating“illness”with students, leading to a confrontational relationship between teachers and students. This study attempts to investigate the methodology concerning the implicit aspects of Zhu Xi’s interpretation based on Contemporary Metaphor Theory. Accordingly, this essay contends that Zhu Xi’s medicine-illness metaphor is inadequate to encompass Confucius’s pedagogical approach; thus, this study seeks to explicate the explicit and implicit features of metaphors, the active involvement of overcoming illness, the coexistence of medicine and toxicity, and the fluid attributes of medicine and illness, e.g., drug-induced disease and the ameliorating effect from one disease to another. On the other hand, this study compares and contrasts different approaches to the notion of illness between Confucius and Zhu Xi by means of illustrating the positive effects and consequences of illness—including the process of self-healing and self-efficacy—addressed in the Analects of Confucius.