首爾城中的外國人土地特權－－中國人居留地與外國人土地政策為中心（1882-1905）

Foreign Settlements in Seoul and Korea’s Land Use Policy towards Foreigners: On Chinese Settlements in Korea, 1882-1905

1882年，清朝與朝鮮簽訂《中朝商民水陸貿易章程》，中國商民第一個獲得了進入首爾租地、賃房屋、交易土地及開設行棧的權利，中國人成為第一個進入首爾通商、購買土地的外國人，第一個形成的外國人居留地也是中國人居留地。其後，其他國家也仿效清朝，各自透過條約取得了相同權利，形成了日本人居留地與歐美人居留地。
外國人在首爾的家屋、土地所有比率急速增加，朝鮮政府開始採取管制外國人家屋與土地所有政策。1894年甲午戰爭爆發後，朝鮮政府在朝鮮內地禁止外國人土地所有，但對首爾無法採取禁制政策，因為在首爾的外國人土地所有權受條約保障。因此，首爾成為外國人可以自由進行不動產交易的土地特權地區。朝鮮政府試圖在首爾加強外國人土地所有管制政策，但引起外國公領事的反彈而無法順利執行。1906年日本將朝鮮保護國化、掌握行政權後，轉變原有的外國人土地管制政策，對外國人全面開放土地購買，保障其所有權。
本文主要以首爾城內的中國人居留地為例，探討因條約所形成的外國人土地所有權與外國人土地管制政策，並說明外國人管制政策的強化而引起的衝突。研究時期而言，本文以中國人在首爾土地特權開始形成的1882年至其結束的1905年為中心進行討論。

The China-Korea Treaty of 1882 granted Chinese merchants the right to conduct real estate translations within Seoul. Chinese nationals thus became the first group of foreigners to receive such a privilege in Korea, which among other things allowed them to purchase real estate, rent properties, and set up storehouses. In addition, the Chinese were given permission to establish foreign settlements within Seoul. Japanese and European nationals would soon demand, and receive, similar concessions.
The number of foreigners residing within Seoul skyrocketed, and the Korean government took steps to prevent further increases. With the outbreak of the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894, the government announced that foreigners would not be allowed to conduct real estate transactions, or to reside, outside of Seoul proper. As to foreigners within the city limits of Seoul, the rights already given to them would be allowed to stand. In 1906, after Korea became a protectorate of Japan, the Japanese government used its executive power to abolish all restrictions placed on foreigners living in Korea.
In the context of these events, this paper examines Korean attitudes and policies toward foreign land ownership during the turn of the twentieth century. It examines how the government of Korea attempted to limit the number of foreigners in the country, and the various conflicts that such an attempt engendered. Particular attention is paid to the issue of Chinese settlements.