沒有敘事，就沒有歷史——論《尚書．金縢》的敘事性

No Narrative, No History–A Comment on the Narrative of“Jin-Teng”in Shang-Shu

以歷史作為一種敘事，在探究中國文學的敘事傳統時，其脈絡淵源往往讓人聯想到了《尚書》一書。其中，典型的記事之文─〈金縢〉，顯然是極佳的切入點。該篇敘述著周武王有疾，周公請求代死，將祝禱之文收於金縢之櫃，而後成王繼立，又如何因著金縢之櫃，最終解消了對周公的誤會一事之始末。倘若就西方敘事學的觀點，可以發現〈金縢〉已然具備了一定的敘事條件，包括主體人物周公的刻畫、「起因（潛在的）、過程、結果」的情節鋪陳、環境氣氛的營造，甚或是敘述形式上，採用的「非聚焦型的視角」、「概敘」、「等敘」的敘事節奏安排、話語模式的交錯等等，都讓〈金縢〉有別於一般徒然記實的歷史記錄，而更具備了敘事文學作品的色彩。

Because history is narrative, scholars often think of Shang-shu when discussing the narrative tradition of Chinese literature. In Shang-shu,“Jin-Teng”is a typical narrative article, so it is suitable for discussion. This article describes that King Zhou-Wu is ill, so Duke of Zhou hopes to replace him, and then he will pray for the prayers of the gods in the cabinet, and wait until King Cheng of Zhou inherits the throne, relying on the prayer of opening the cabinet , relieved the misunderstanding of Duke of Zhou. From the perspective of Western narratology, it can be found that the“Jin-Teng”already has enough narrative conditions, including portraying the image of the protagonist Duke of Zhou, paving the plot of ''causes, processes, results'', creating an atmosphere of events,and even adopting ''Non-focusing perspective'', the narrative rhythm of ''generalization'', ''syntax'', the use of different discourse modes, and so on. These make the“Jin-Teng”different from the historical record of the general vain record, but also have the characteristics of narrative literature.