台灣客家節慶民俗文化意涵之研究——以公館鄉五穀宮2007年慶成祈安福醮為例

An Exploration on the Cultural Meaning in Folk Custom of Taiwanese Hakka' Festival Ceremony–A Case Study on FuJiaw(福醮) for the Achieving and Blessing of WuKu Temple at KungKuan Township in 2007

本文旨在以苗栗縣公館鄉五穀宮2007年慶成祈安福醮為例，分析與詮釋台灣客家節慶民俗與祭典所蘊含之文化奧蘊。台灣客家地區有為數數百座的五穀宮，每年各個地區之五穀宮，都會舉行祭典儀式，是客家地區之盛事；客家人藉節慶祭典之祭祀活動，緬懷神明之功德，凝聚客家鄉親之客家意識，展現客家人堅韌的文化傳承精神，也表現出獨特的客家硬頸與忠義精神。然而，何謂建醮？何謂慶成祈安福醮？其形成之歷史為何？客家人為何會舉行寺廟之慶成祈安建醮信仰與祭典儀式？對客家人而言，祭典儀式有何獨特的文化意涵？這些都值得探究。就公館鄉五穀宮而言，是台灣最早也是最新式建築的五穀宮，每年農曆四月二十六日的神農大帝聖誕，是公館地區客家人非常重視的一項祭典。2007年又舉辦了新廟圓廟慶成祈安福醮節慶祭典，有其豐富的祭典儀式，如奉飯、九獻禮、午間獻供、晚間普渡、法師拜懺、神豬比賽，羊角比賽、施放水燈、客家山歌比賽、客家戲曲表演，都展現客家宗教信仰之文化特色，深含客家文化的奧蘊。本文以田野調查及實地訪查方法，探討公館鄉2007年慶成祈安福醮祭典節慶，詮釋其所蘊含之文化奧蘊；並明說出在全球化導致客家文化存亡絕續的今天，客家人或應發揮客家精神，人人同心協力，一本客家崇高之文化意識，共同為保存與發揚台灣客家文化而努力。

This paper aims at analyzing and annotating the culture meaning in folk custom and ceremony of Taiwan Hakka' festival held at WuKu Temple of KungKuan Township, Miaoli in 2007. There are hundreds of WuKu Temples in Taiwan Hakka area. And there are ceremonies held at each WuKu Temple every year. These are great occasions at Hakka area. Through the activities of ceremonies, the people of Hakka remind their descendents of the charitable and pious deeds of gods, the consciousness of Hakka Sense, the insistent heritage of Hakka Culture, and the righteousness and unsurrendering of Hakka Spirit. What is GianJiaw(建醮)? What is FuJiaw for achieving and blessing? What is the history of its formation? Why do the Hakka People possess this unique GianJiaw faith and ceremony ritual? What is the special cultural meaning of this unique ceremony to Hakka people? All these are worth probing into. Though WuKu Temple of KungKuan Township is one of the earliest in Taiwan, its building is the latest in temple architecture. June 26 of Chinese Lunar Year is the birthday of Agriculture God which is worshipped at WuKu Temple. This day is also a big occasion of Hakka People in KungKuan Township. They held FuJiaw ceremony to celebrate the finished of the temple and wishing the blessing from Agriculture God. There are its unique memorial ceremony and activities, such as presenting meals with respect, a ceremony with nine times of bowing to the God, presenting lunch, presenting dinner to all beings, saying prayers by Master, supernatural pig match, goat horn match, discharging water lanterns, Hakka folk song match, Hakka opera performance. All these represent the culture characteristic of Hakka religious belief and profound inference of Hakka culture. By the methodology of field survey and spot-visiting, this paper investigated and narrated the cultural meaning of FuJiaw for the Achieving and Blessing of WuKu Temple at KungKuan Township in 2007. And the paper points out that only by insisting Hakka way of living will Hakka culture be survived through globalization movement. Every Hakka should have the consciousness of keeping and developing Hakka culture and spirit.