南明遺民流亡情境考察——以張蒼水其人其文為例

作為眾多南明遺民之一的張蒼水，其文武兼備的特質使他在遭逢國難之際，選擇有別於「殉死」或「隱逸」的表現模式，寧流亡海上，率領一支孤軍作最後的抗清殊死戰。他的遺民身份，來自於明末清初的鼎革巨變。至於其「流亡」情境，則源發於儒生任俠之性與遙遠的家族記憶。前者使他投筆從戎，以反清復明為要；後者則令他有強烈的漢族認同，而恥事異族。於是「有待－待恢復明室」成為其流亡生命的價值所在，然大勢已去的無奈卻使之陷入「孤絕」的情境，而終究寧死不屈了。其流亡的心境與情懷，化為吟詠詩文，足供後人體察，並成為南明文學中悲烈風格之一例。

As one of the deserted citizens from South Ming Dynasty, Tsang-Shui Chang, a person with literary talent and martial skills, fled away as a refugee when his country was destroyed. At that time, most of the deserted people had a choice either for suicide for the country or for being a hermit. He led an army fighting anainst the Ching Dynasty even though he knew that there was no hope to win the battle. His doing was evoked by his literary character and patriotic affection. That literary character triggered him to stand up against the coming exotic invaders; the patriotic affection made him feel shameful to be a citizen of the coming invaders. Therefore, his value to his remained lifetime was fleeing away from his destroyed country and wandering around as a refugee. The lonely and helpless affection he got was transformed into poems. Those poems were highly regard as a spirit from a respectful martyr and were treated as a special poetic style in South Ming Dynasty