由王世貞對科舉制度及王學末流的批判論其復古主張的文化意義

The Cultural Significant of Wang Shi Zen's view on imperial Examination System and Wang Yang Ming Thinking

王世貞的復古理論具有相當程度複雜性，並非「摹擬」兩個字可以簡單概括，其中亦包含了重振世風及建立理想文化型態的思想。王世貞的詩文論特色在於勸人多讀書，除了注重「師匠宜高」的原則外，亦提出「捃拾宜博」的主張。由於帶有重振明代文學的需求，王世貞的復古主張必須取證於經典，因此其詩文論偏向於回顧歷史，具有「智識主義」的精神。明代文學風氣的演變，與其取士之法及王守仁「致良知」之學有密切的關係，在王世貞的著作中，有相當的篇幅批判科舉制度及王學末流對社會風氣所帶來的不良影響。關於科舉方面：由於科舉制度的弊端，造成明代的讀書人以獲取功名為目的，平日研讀除了考試之規定範圍之外更無他書，造成眼界疏淺，即使中進士後亦缺乏廣博之學問。因此王世貞提倡復古，具有以古文辭的廣博以對抗科舉制度所產生的淺狹不博的時代意義。關於王學的末流方面：王世貞反對的是完全拋棄見聞之知，過度強調不學不慮，又不注意生活細節的思想。王世貞與泰州學派諸子的主要相異之處，在於強調知識學問的基礎對振奮世風的作用。由王世貞批判科舉弊端與王學末流的意見，可以發現王世貞復古主張具有對文化進行復興與改革之目的。

The literary theory brought out by Wang Shi Zen of the Ming dynasty can’t be simplified by“just copying or duplicating the classical works ”,as it contains consciousness of an ideal style of living. The main characteristic of Wang Shi Zen's literary theory is to advise a poet to read more classical works before writing.（the reading material must be a master pieces and the reader must read a large quantity of canon） As there was a great concern in cultural, Wang's theory appear to make lot of historical review and thus having great interest in obtaining knowledge. In the Ming dynasty, the view on literary criticism had very close relationship with the imperial examination and Wang Yang Ming's thinking. Wang Shi Zen criticized that most of the Intel lecture are only reading books for the examination （i.e. The Four Books and The Five Work of Confucius Canon）and are not knowledgeable at all. Wang Shi Zen also criticized that Wang Yang Ming's thinking causes people thought that knowledge is not closely related with spiritual life, and refused to be knowledgeable. From the literary and social criticism of Wang Shi Zen, we can find that the main concern of Wang's literary theory contain profound cultural Significant in his time.