假新聞規範與言論自由之探討

The Study of Fake News Regulation and Freedom of Speech

生活在一個資訊竄流的時代，人們在判讀新聞及訊息時，往往受到網路上虛假資訊的干擾而做出錯誤的判斷。《戰國策˙魏策二》「三人成虎」，比喻謠言多次散佈後能迷惑民眾，網友雖不是假新聞的直接製造者，但卻往往扮演傳播者的角色，成為假新聞之幫兇。在無從確認新聞的真實度情況下，所謂「有圖有真相」或是含人、事、物之報導獲得了較高的點閱率與轉傳，但仍有可能是假新聞而有嚴重的後果。所謂假訊息，乃是於網路上「有意」的對事實之虛假陳述。美國因假新聞而遭受槍擊之災的「披薩門(Pizzagate)」事件，不僅是政治人物、名人會因假新聞而陷入困境，普通人也可能成為假新聞的靶心，偏執的世界觀已經從網路社群跨越到現實世界。我國政府針對假新聞之氾濫，修法方向擬曾要求社群網站平台業者訂定事實查核及假訊息下架規範，民事方面加重賠償責任，刑事部分加重其刑，然而過度之修法，可能干涉言論自由之保障。目前我國主要是針對恐嚴重造成人民生活恐慌之食品安全、糧食、農業品市場交易等不實言論，進行修法或增訂相關規範。為保障人民言論自由，以較為溫和模式遏止假新聞，政府各部會設立闢謠專區，民間設立「事實查核中心」，積極提升閱聽人媒體識讀素養以防堵假新聞之危害。

Living in an era where information dominates and thrives in our daily lives, people are prone to making wrong decisions and judgements upon receiving fake news and unreliable information. As a tale from Zhan Gun Ce talks about how three people makes a fictional story into an existing fact, it is analogizing that repeated defamation makes fake news into real news. This is a major issue nowadays since it is so easy to spread information, people neglect the fact whether the in-formation they are receiving is real or fake, and they become faulty as they spread on the fake news and makes the circulation of fake news even worse. Without the knowledge as to whether news are fake or real, people often rely on whether it has more views or pictures and photos as evidence to prove it as real news, however, that may not always be so reliable. The definition of fake news is deliberate disinformation or hoaxes spread via traditional print and broadcast news media or online social media. The Washington gunman motivated by fake news‘Pizzagate’con-spiracy shows the fatal impact fake news has on politicians, media, and even normal people’s lives. Considering the abuse and fatal impact of fake news, our government is legislating laws against social media outlets so that they regulate news that circulate on their platforms. Govern-ment is increasing the compensation on damages within civil law and enhancing punishment within criminal laws as a prior approach currently. However, the issue falls into the debate as to whether amending the laws will pose a violation to freedom of speech. Currently, our focus is on regulating false statements about food safety, agricultural markets, etc., to prevent public panic. We rely on improving media literacy to combat fake news online. Fact-checking centers and ru-mor-refutation zones have been set up to safeguard freedom of speech.