莊子〈齊物論〉身體支離形象義蘊探微──從憨山德清對南郭子綦評述語之異詮論起

An Exploration of the Meaning of the Body Disintegration Image in Zhuangzi’s“On Seeing Things as Equal”:Starting with the Different Interpretation of Hanshan Deqing’s Commentary on Nanguo Ziqi

《莊子》內七篇起首處每有深意，〈齊物論〉以南郭子綦嗒然喪耦之形象為始，於該形象敘述後，顏成子游向其發問，子綦應順此問題而展開回答，此為由沉默無言之身體展示狀態中，進入語言說話之字詞陳述狀態，而其中自言「偃不亦善乎而問之也」的語句頗為關鍵，此關乎子綦對於兩種狀態轉換的自覺論評。
自唐代成玄英以降，歷來多以子綦之語句是稱讚子游善問為解，然細忖前後文脈與句式語法，此主流詮釋之正面評價解讀當有斟酌商榷的空間。明代憨山德清異軍突起，認為子綦實是批評子游發問之行為不好或不得體。此種詮釋衝擊著對於此句之一般理解，並有助於我們反思文本原初可能的意義，亦即作為一種隨立隨掃以回歸體驗的靈活表達。
設若本論文對子綦之語句的分析抉擇得法，則憨山詮釋與傳統主流詮釋間隱藏之衝突張力即得調節，從而可掘發其中相異處所蘊藏的意涵。此中關乎身體支離形象與卮言道說的關係，以及該身體支離形象對於文本之創作者與接受者的意義：從創作者的角度切入，身體支離之狀態與經驗，很可能是莊子奇詭文字與思想的源頭；從接受者的角度切入，閱讀文字語言抑或身體形貌時，不經意間湧現的震驚之感與欣慕之情，可能已使其身心狀態發生深層的轉化。

The beginning of the seven“Inner Chapters”in Zhuangzi often carry deep meanings. In“On Seeing Things as Equal”, the image of Nanguo Ziqi’s speechless and awkward state is used to start the chapter. After describing this image, Yancheng Ziyou asks him a question, to which Ziqi responds, thus transitioning from a state of silence and physical display to a state of verbal expression. The phrase“Isn’t it good for Yan to ask me?”is crucial to Ziqi’s self-awareness and evaluation of the transition between the two states.
Since the Tang Dynasty, Cheng Xuan-ying and others have generally interpreted this phrase as praise for Ziyou’s questioning ability. However, upon further examination of the context and grammatical structure, the positive interpretation of the mainstream interpretation should be carefully considered. During the Ming Dynasty, Hanshan Deqing proposed a different interpretation, believing that Ziqi was actually criticizing Ziyou’s questioning behavior as inappropriate. This interpretation challenges the general understanding of this phrase and helps us reflect on the possible original meaning of the text, which is a flexible expression of returning to experience on the spot.
If this paper’s analysis of Ziqi’s phrase is successful, it can reconcile the hidden conflict between Hanshan’s interpretation and the traditional mainstream interpretation, and reveal the meanings contained in their differences. This concerns the relationship between the body disintegration image and“spillover saying”, as well as the significance of this image for the author and reader of the text. From the perspective of the author, the state and experience of the disintegrated body may be the source of Zhuangzi’s bizarre words and thoughts. From the reader’s perspective, the shock and admiration that emerges unconsciously when reading words or observing physical appearance may have caused a profound transformation in their mental and physical state.