茅山道教與顧況詩歌之關係

The Relationship Between Maoshan Taoism and the Poetry of Gu Kuang

顧況生於茅山，早年長於茅山，晚年歸於茅山，茅山不僅是他事實上的故鄉，也是精神的家園、靈魂的歸宿，他有強烈的道教信仰，最初的起點應當就在茅山，山中無處不在的道教氛圍浸潤著他，奠定了他與茅山道教的緊密聯繫。之後搬遷異地，四處宦遊，仕途偃蹇，憂愁難解，從而讀道書以抒懷，同時結交的朋友也多有慕道之士，相互影響，促進了他對道教的體認，最後在年近七十時返回茅山隱居，此時已經是受上清籙的高階位道士，有如此的濃厚道教背景，又身處上清聖地的茅山，他的詩歌創作受道教影響實屬必然，〈金璫玉珮歌〉、〈朝上清歌〉等就是以道教修煉的宗教體驗和道教專門知識為基礎寫作的。顧況詩的仙山書寫也與道教關係密切，他特別重視在山嶽自然風景的描繪中融入仙道元素，將自然的空間改造成具有神聖性的仙境。這些受道教影響而形成的詩歌特徵使顧況在中唐詩壇獨樹一幟、新奇不俗，拓展了詩歌的表現領域，在唐詩史上留下了重要的一筆。

Gu Kuang顧況(fl. eighth century) was born in Maoshan茅山, where he grew up and returned to in his later years. Maoshan was thus not only his hometown, but also his spiritual home and the final destination of his soul. He maintained a strong belief in Taoism, the starting point of which should be Maoshan, with the Taoist atmosphere of the mountain permeating through him and laying a strong connection between him and Maoshan Taoism. Later, he moved to many different places and traveled extensively, but his career as an official was largely unsuccessful, leaving him discontented. To better express his feelings, he read Taoist texts and developed friendships with Taoist practitioners, influences of which promoted his understanding of Taoism. Finally, when he was nearly seventy years old, he returned to Maoshan. At this time, he had already become a high-ranking Taoist priest within“shangqing”上清(“supreme clarity”). It was inevitable that his poetic works would be influenced by his beliefs, exemplified by“Jindang yupei ge”金璫玉珮歌(“Song of Gold and Jade Ornaments”) and“Chao shangqing ge”朝上清歌(“Song of Supreme Clarity Pilgramage”) being based on his religious experiences and expertise in Taoism. The writing of Xianshan仙山(montains of the immortals) in Gu Kuang’s poetry is likewise closely related to Taoism, as he particularly emphasizes the integration of surreal elements of xian仙into depictions of natural mountain scenery, thereby transforming natural spaces into sacred paradises. These poetic characteristics formed under the influence of Taoism made Gu Kuang unique and innovative in the world of poetry in the mid-Tang dynasty, expanding its reach and leaving an important mark within its history.