九獻儀節考——以《禮記正義》大祫九獻說為中心之考察

An Examination of the ''Nine Libation'' Rites Based on Commentaries on the Book of Rites

中國祭祀禮儀中，獻酒儀式向為不可或缺之環節。禮經注疏中有「九獻」之說，頗為複雜。傳統禮學研究所述歧異，疑義叢生。關於「九獻」儀節的系統描述，最早應見於綜合鄭玄三《禮》要義的南梁崔靈恩禮學著作《三禮義宗》。部分相關文字被採入初唐孔穎達等撰《禮記正義》之中，尤其是大祫禮部分。通過校勘、詮釋《禮記正義》所載大祫九獻說，本文仔細梳理了九獻這一禮學難題，逐項分詮二祼、朝踐、饋獻等各項儀節。此外，本文以杜佑《通典》、南宋衛湜《禮記集說》所輯陸佃《禮記解》、楊復《儀禮經傳通解續卷祭禮》三者為例，論析九獻學說在中古禮學知識界中的繼承、衍伸與修正。針對九獻禮以及相關儀節的這一全面性考察，除了幫助我們瞭解「其儀百出，禮意深遠」的九獻禮外，亦能為進一步理解九獻禮在後世行用層面的衰落提供一種視角。

Libation rites and ceremonies are crucial components of Chinese sacrificial rituals. Traditional commentaries on the ritual Classics have various interpretations for the rites of the ''nine libations.'' As one of the most complicated rites in Confucian ritual rubric, the rites and their liturgical procedures are controversial in traditional ritual studies. The earliest record of the rites of ''nine libations'' is from a sixth-century monograph by the classicist Cui Ling'en. Cui's work, the Sanli yizong (Elements of Three Ritual Classics), was partially cited in the Collected Commentaries on the Book of Rites, edited by the Tang classicist Kong Yingda. Thus, theories of ''nine libations'' gained popularity among ritualists of later periods. Using textual criticism and close reading, this article analyzes different procedures for the rites of the ''nine libations,'' including pouring the wine on the ground, mourning sacrifices, offering of cooked and uncooked foods, and others. Based on three Tang and Song works of ritual studies, this article also explores how the textual tradition of ''nine libations'' was inherited, elaborated, and revised in medieval China. This comprehensive exploration of the ''nine libations'' can also help us understand the decline in the practical aspects of these sophisticated rites in late imperial China.