從反動右派到史學宗師：雷海宗生前身後的起落

From Reactionary Rightist to the Grandmaster of World History: The Ups and Downs of Lei Haizong during and beyond His Lifetime

民國知識分子在1949年後的流離及命運是學界經久不衰的話題。留在中國大陸的學人中，雷海宗在史學界成名已早，擔任清華大學及西南聯大歷史系主任，宣揚「文化形態史觀」，在民國時期眾多史學門派中獨樹一格。中共建政後，曾為國民黨員的雷海宗遭到嚴密政治監控及思想改造，調至南開大學，後來於1957年反右運動中被劃為右派，教研生活從此受嚴重打擊，直至身歿。1979年雷海宗的右派問題獲「改正」，其著作在昔日學生王敦書推動下重新整理出版，促成雷海宗研究的復興。南開大學並推崇雷海宗為該校世界史學科的奠基人。雷海宗生前身後學術名聲及地位的起落，是近現代中國政治浪潮變遷的縮影，也反映在不同形勢及需求下的歷史書寫，以及學術機構欲塑造集體記憶強化對自身歷史認同的努力。本文根據已知的現存材料，尤其是雷海宗門生故舊的回憶錄與南開大學保存的相關檔案，分析雷海宗生命中的關鍵節點：特別是在1949年前後及反右運動中的遭遇，以及其身後恢復學術名譽乃至被塑造為史學大師的經過。

The exodus of intellectuals from the Republic of China and their fate after 1949 has been an enduring topic for biographical and historical research. However, among the scholars who stayed in mainland China, Lei Haizong has also been an important figure inacademic history since the 1930s. He served as the head of the history departments of Tsinghua University and National Southwest Associated University, and was a notable early proponent of historical morphology of culturesin the Republican period. Because of Lei’s previous membership in the Kuomintang and his criticism of communism and the Soviet Union, after the founding of the People’s Republic of China he was subjected to strict political monitoring and ideological re-education. Lei transferred to Nankai University in 1952 but was classified as a rightist during the Anti-Rightist Movement in 1957. This severely compromised his teaching and research career until his death. After Lei’s rightist status was expunged in 1979, his former student Wang Dunshu edited and republished his works, which contributed to a“renaissance”of research on his life; he is now celebrated as the disciplinary founder of world history at Nankai University. The rise, fall, and revival of Lei Haizong’s academic reputation and status during and after his lifetime epitomize the whirlwind of political change in modern China. The story of Lei’s life and career also reflects how history is written in different contexts and under different pressures. The story also demonstrates how the efforts of an academic institution can shape its collective memory and strengthen its own historical identity. By using the records that have survived, including memoirs written by Lei’s family, students, and colleagues, political documents, and the archives held by Nankai University, this article analyzes critical moments of Lei’s life, especially his encounters with the Anti-Rightist Movement and the posthumous recovery of his academic reputation and status.