論憲法基本權利條款的域外效力及邊界

The Extraterritorial Effect of Fundamental Rights and Its Boundary

當前，中國憲法基本權利研究忽視了基本權利條款的域外空間效力，對基本權利條款域外適用問題重視不足。立足國際交往日益頻繁的時代背景，需要重新思考憲法基本權利條款的適用範圍，對傳統的以領土邊界為限的國家義務觀念進行審視。同其他部門法一樣，憲法的基本權利章節同樣具有強大的域外適用潛力，即在國家領土外的人在一定條件下可向國家主張基本權利，相應地國家需承擔在域外尊重和保障其基本權利的義務。比較法經驗表明，基本權利條款域外適用在經濟全球化時代已是大勢所趨。我國憲法雖未明示域外空間效力，但基本權利條款域外適用有深厚的政治哲學基礎，並可從憲法序言、我國加入的人權條約以及我國的國際關係立場獲得解釋動力。基本權利條款域外適用理論豐富了百年未有之大變局下憲法學的知識體系。

Currently, the fundamental rights research in China has paid little attention to the extraterritorial application of fundamental rights articles due to an overlook of their spatial scope. This article challenges the territorial scope of State obligations in light of booming international relations. Like other branches of law, constitutional law has a great potential for extraterritorial application, as a consequence of which individuals outside of a State may claim fundamental rights towards the State. The comparative law study shows a strong trend of the extraterritorial approach of constitutional law across the world. Although the Constitution of China does not have a spatial clause, the extraterritorial application of its fundamental rights articles has a strong political basis, and can be justified by the preamble of the Constitution, the human rights treaties to which China is a party, and the China’s political promise to the world. The extraterritorial approach may enrich the knowledge of constitutional law in the world that is experiencing unprecedented change.