特定性原則視角下財產的概括處分

General Disposal of Property under the Principle of Specificity

概括處分是指當事人以概括描述的方式確定處分對象的財產處分。概括處分存在于財產集合與將有財產的處分中，往往還伴隨著處分對象的嗣後流動。符合“合理識別”標準的概括描述，可以確保特定性原則下的確定性。根據特定性原則下的單一性原理，財產的概括處分是處分之集合。處分對象是被概括描述“捕獲”的單一財產，而處分效果也針對單一財產發生。單一性原理不僅具有法政策上的妥當性，而且可以維持物權法原理的體系融貫性。處分生效之後，處分對象的流動並不違反確定性原理。新財產的“流入”和原財產的“流出”分別會導致新物權之取得和原物權之喪失，故整個處分過程具有發展性與階段性。在一定情況下，處分對象與其他財產相混構成物權法上的混合，進而可以適用《民法典》第322 條中的混合規則。動產流動質押中的“概括描述”有別於浮動抵押等交易中的“概括描述”，並且動產流動質押不涉及將有動產處分。

General disposal is the disposal where the object is described in a general manner. This type of disposal exists in the disposal of property collection and that of future property without being affected by fluctuations of property. A general description that satisfies the criterion of“reasonable identification”can guarantee certainty under the principle of specificity. According to the rationale of unicity under this principle, general disposal is a collection of disposals. The object of disposal is the individual property covered thereby, and the disposal takes effect with respect to this individual property. The rationale of unicity is not only desirable in legal policy but also necessary for maintaining doctrinal coherence. Fluctuation of the object does not conflict against certainty.“Inflow”of new property and“outflow”of the original property imply acquisition of a new property right and loss of an original property right respectively. For this reason, the entire process of disposal develops into different phases. Under certain circumstances, confusion between the object of disposal and other property constitutes mixing that is regulated by the rule of mixture (Art. 322 Civil Code). The“general description”in floating pledge is different from that in secured transactions like floating charge, and the former does not include disposal of future corporeal movables.