反思“提取公因式”：論法典總則的建構方法

Rethinking“Extracting Common Factors”: On the Construction of the General Part of a Code

“提取公因式”方法單方面強調總則內容對既有部門法實踐的依賴，忽視了我國語境下總則內容的體系性、多元性和理想性特徵，因而是有缺陷的。我國法典化實踐所期待的法典總則本質上是關於既有部門法實踐的解釋性理論，意在建構部門法實踐所隱含的獨特實踐形式及其內在價值目的。作為解釋性理論的法典總則包含監管性內容和操作性內容兩個部分，監管性內容旨在為法律官員的立法和司法適用提供指引和約束，操作性內容旨在與分則內容相互配合直接作為裁判依據評價公民行為。總則制定應當採取建構性解釋的方法，首先為既有部門法實踐賦予相匹配且道德最佳的內在價值目的，以之作為監管性內容的核心；然後根據該內在價值確定操作性內容的基本概念框架，並結合立法者試圖貫徹的其他社會性價值和法治價值確定操作性內容的具體內涵。

The“extracting common factors”method unilaterally emphasizes the dependence of the content of the general part on the current practice of an area of law, ignores the systematic, pluralistic and ideal characteristics of the content of the general part, and is therefore problematic. The general part of a code is essentially an interpretive theory about the current practice of an area of law, intending to construct the unique form of practice implied by the area of law and its intrinsic value purpose. The general part of a code contains two parts: regulatory content to provide guidance and constraints for the legislative and judicial application of legal officials, and operational content to cooperate with the content of the special part as the basis for adjudicating and evaluating citizens’behavior. The formulation of the general part should adopt the method of constructive interpretation, first attributing a matching and morally best intrinsic value purpose to the current practice of an area of law as the core of the regulatory content, and then determining the basic conceptual framework of the operational content according to the intrinsic value, and determining the specific meaning of the operational content in combination with other social values and the value of rule of law that the legislator is trying to implement.