我國平臺用工規制路徑的反思與改進

目前我國平臺用工法律規制的主要路徑是行政指導，即由相關部門發佈“指導意見”，這一路徑導致相關規則內容抽象、規則不統一、缺乏裁判規則以及權利難以救濟等問題。“指導意見”引入“不完全符合確立勞動關係情形”的概念，由此帶來諸多理論爭議和實務操作困難。司法機關也發佈相關司法文件和典型案例報告，但對司法實務指導作用有限。因此，我國應調整和優化平臺用工規制路徑，通過專門立法和司法解釋，構建內容全面、規則統一、權利內容和救濟途徑完備、兼具行為規範和裁判規範的規則。同時，著眼於平臺用工的新特點，除了完善勞動關係認定規則和基本勞動標準，還應完善有關算法管理、數據保護和人工智能規制等規則。當前我國不必在勞動法中引入“第三類主體”，也不必在立法上引入“不完全符合確立勞動關係情形”的概念，而應通過排除法，為大部分平臺工人提供基本勞動權利保護，在此基礎上，將符合“雇員”定義的平臺工人納入勞動法保護範圍。

At present, the main path for the legal regulation of platform work in China is administrative guidance, which means that relevant ministries issue“guiding opinions”to regulate platform work. This path leads to many problems such as abstractness of the content of relevant rules, inconsistency between rules, lack of judicial rules, and difficulty in obtaining legal remedies. The introduction of the concept of“a situation where the standard of labor relationship is not completely met”(“incomplete labor relationship”) in“guiding opinions”has brought about many theoretical controversies and practical difficulties. Judicial organs also issue judicial documents and reports on typical cases, but their guidance on judicial practice is limited. In view of these problems, China should adjust and optimize the regulatory path for platform work by building through special legislation and judicial interpretations a set of comprehensive and consistent rules with complete rights content and legal remedies. In addition, in light of the new characteristics of platform work, China should improve the rules for the determination of labor relationships and basic labor standards, as well as the rules related to algorithmic management, data protection, and regulation of artificial intelligence in platform work. At present, China does not need to introduce the concept of“subject of third category”in labor law or the concept of“incomplete labor relationship”in its legislation. Instead, it should provide basic labor rights protection for most platform workers through the exclusion of certain platform workers. On this basis, platform workers who meet the definition of“employee”should be fully protected by the labor law.