論數據產權的構成要件，基於交易成本理論

數據產權的規範方案存在三項爭議：採用何種規範模式；歸屬如何確定；公共數據、企業數據、個人數據的分類有何影響。爭議未回答一項核心問題：數據產權的構成要件為何。按照交易成本理論，數據產權規範旨在設立“法律權利”以促進數據要素的市場化配置，其構成要件應根據交易成本分析予以確定。數據要素具有可複製性和效用不確定兩大特性，這決定了其存在“監督成本”“阻礙成本”“匹配成本”“加工成本”等特殊交易成本，進而在數據市場中形成無排他、專營排他、保密排他、絕對排他四種產權形態。基於數字經濟時代的數據交易成本優化，一種絕對排他的“新型”數據產權在數據市場中形成，其以數據獲取具有“唯一渠道”或單獨為集合性數據支付“加工成本”二者之一為實質要件；以採取“保密措施”或實施數據權利“唯一化公示”二者之一為形式要件。“新型”數據產權構成要件的特點，足以回應公開數據爬取、個人數據產權、數據產權登記效力等爭議問題。

There are three controversies in the standardization plan for data property rights: which standardization model to adopt; how to determine ownership; and what is the impact of the classification of public data, enterprise data, and personal data. The dispute did not answer a core question: what constitutes data property rights. According to transaction cost theory, data property rights regulations aim to establish“legal rights”to promote the market-oriented allocation of data elements, and their constituent elements should be determined based on transaction cost analysis. Data elements have two characteristics: replicability and utility uncertainty, which determines the existence of special transaction costs such as“supervision costs”,“impediment costs”,“matching costs”and“processing costs”, thus forming a non-exclusive and exclusive market in the data market. There are four forms of property rights: exclusivity, confidentiality exclusivity, and absolute exclusivity. Based on the optimization of data transaction costs in the digital economy era, an absolutely exclusive“new”data property right has been formed in the data market. It has either the“only channel”for data acquisition or the separate payment of“processing costs”for collective data as substantive requirements; taking either“confidentiality measures”or implementing“unique disclosure”of data rights as formal requirements. The characteristics of the“new”data property rights constituting elements are sufficient to respond to controversial issues such as public data crawling, personal data property rights, and the validity of data property rights registration.