步入界外：嘉慶朝蛤仔難地圖繪製及其知識傳承

Crossing Beyond the Boundary: Mapmaking, Knowledge, and the History of Maps of Kabelang from the Jiaqing Period

嘉慶十七年（1812）清帝國於蛤仔難設噶瑪蘭廳，象徵著國家勢力深入、重新定義疆界。本文以幾幅蛤仔難地圖為基礎，探討界外人士如何將民間知識製成地圖，再逐步轉化成官方可理解、利用的輿圖；此知識傳遞變遷之過程與隨後設廳似可和「乾嘉變革」中地方轉向相呼應。嘉慶三年（1798），吳沙拓墾集團請蕭竹調查蛤仔難並繪製以四圍為中心的地圖，揭示從艋舺到丹裡、丹裡前往四圍的路線。此圖在臺灣廣為流傳，至少產生本文所分析的四種版本。嘉慶十二年（1807），與朝廷中樞關係良好的楊廷理復職為臺灣知府，受派往蛤仔難處理朱濆事件，即循該路線進入，楊離開該地時繪成〈楊太守新圖〉，呈現了其「加留餘埔」制度規劃和蛤仔難地理樣貌。嘉慶十二年，謝金鑾《蛤仔難紀略》將楊廷理之圖與重製之蕭竹圖作為附圖送往北京，成為官員理解此界外之地的知識來源之一。不久，同時具有〈楊太守新圖〉和蕭竹圖特徵、體現官方角度的〈噶瑪蘭輿圖〉，由閩浙總督汪志伊嘉慶十六年（1811）附於奏摺中上呈，成為這一段時間蛤仔難地區性輿圖繪製和知識傳遞之最後篇章。本文通過解析這段時間的相關地圖，企圖理解臺灣界外空間知識如何從地方社會逐步轉為帝國所利用。

In 1812, the Qing Empire established Kavalan subprefecture in Kabelang, indicating that Qing state power had both extended into the region and redefined the frontier and related boundaries. Previous scholarship has paid the topic significant attention, but this article analyzes several maps to understand a specific theme: How was the spatial and geographic knowledge of Kabelang that had been shaped by those colonists operating beyond the boundary transformed into an official understanding for the Empire’s practical use, a process which can be placed within the context of a local turn during the Qianlong-Jiaqing transition? In 1798, Wu Sha’s吳沙(1731–1798) land reformation project invited Xiao Zhu蕭竹(?–?) to survey the area and draft a map in order to convince the court to incorporate Kabelang. The resulting map, which shows certain geographic features as well as indicating a route from Bangka to Danli and then to Kabelang, was widely circulated throughout Taiwan society, thereby shaping the basic spatial understandings of the region. In 1807, for example, Yang Tingli楊廷理(1747–1813) went to Kabelang via the map’s route to handle a matter concerning pirates. Afterward, Xiao Zhu’s map, which was sent to Beijing by being appended to Xie Jinluan’s謝金鑾(1757–1820) Gezainan jilue蛤仔難紀略, became the source of knowledge for officials to apprehend the frontier area. Then based on Xiao’s map, Yang drew his new version to present an official point of view, which would become the map to convince the emperor and court to integrate the region under the Empire’s control. This article argues that the process of mapmaking displays how knowledge of the frontier gradually moved from local society, namely the illegitimate colonists outside of the Empire’s boundaries, to being of use to the Empire, all of which suggests a local turn during the Jiaqing period.