籤詩中的通俗文學元素──以馬六甲青雲亭六十甲子籤為例

Popular Literature Elements in Cheng Hoon Teng Temple's Sixty Fortune Poems

卜筮在中華文化傳統中源遠流長，時至科學昌明的今時今日，依然被用於占卜吉凶，並在民俗文化中穩佔一席之地。籤占的出現，遲至五代方有明確的資料可證，在形式上以「詩語決休咎」的傳統也流傳至今。籤占中的籤詩和卦頭故事，是神明為信眾指點迷津的啟示，在表達上以通俗易懂為原則，以達普及各個階層之效。
籤詩與卦頭故事的組合，是韻散結合的文體形式，呈現民間說唱文學以及僧侶俗講及變文的色彩。與此同時，籤詩的文字淺顯易懂，亦未遵守嚴格的格律規範，並以生活化的文辭觸動和引導信眾。另一方面，卦頭故事的典故，也偏向於平民百姓耳熟能詳的人物和事跡，故多源於通俗的話本、演義小說或戲文。籤詩與卦頭故事，是抒情與敘事的結合，讓人生中的情感與際遇得以交匯，在民俗信仰中的重要性以及與民間文學的關係毋庸置疑。
六十甲子籤的籤詩，在順序與意旨上皆基本一致，然與之相配的卦頭故事，卻無一定的規律，同一首籤詩，可以與不同的卦頭故事搭配。本文以馬六甲青雲亭的籤詩為例，探討其通俗文學色彩，以及籤詩及卦頭故事的相互交匯。相互契合的籤詩與卦頭故事，是神明賜予的明燈，讓處身迷霧中的信眾得以撥雲見月，踏實地走向未來的道路。

Divination has a long history in Chinese culture, and is used for divination of good and bad luck even nowadays. It still occupies a place in folk culture while science is flourishing. The emergence of fortune poems was not confirmed until the Five Dynasties. In terms of form, the tradition of “determining decision with poems” has been passed down to this day. The fortune poems and stories are the enlightenment of the gods to guide the believers. The fortune poems are easy to understand, so as to be widespread between the believers.
The combination of fortune poems and stories is a form of verse-prose literature, and may trace to the monks' vulgar talk. At the same time, the fortune poems are easy to understand and do not follow the forms of classical poems. The words based on daily life touch and guide believers effectively. On the other hand, the fortune stories also tend to be familiar to ordinary people, so they mostly come from popular scripts, novels or dramas. Fortune poems and stories are a combination of sentiment and narrative, allowing the emotions and encounters in life to join at a point. The importance of fortune poems in folk beliefs and the relationship with folk literature are beyond doubt.
The sixty fortune poems are basically consistent in order and meaning, but the corresponding stories have no certain rules. The same poem can be matched with different stories. This article takes the fortune poems at Cheng Hoon Ting in Malacca as an example to explore its popular literary elements and the intersection of fortune poems and stories. The fortune poems and stories that match each other are the guided by the gods, allowing the believers in the confusion to find their way and step steadily on the road to the future.