春秋時期楚申縣的采邑形態與政治控制

The Form of Fiefs and Political Control in Shen County of the Chu during the Spring and Autumn Period

楚文王「滅」申後，剝奪了申國公室的統治權，建立申縣，選任申公進行管理。在此過程中，楚國雖保留了部分申國原有的貴族群體，但同時對申地的權力結構加以改造：拔擢以彭氏家族為首的當地非姬姜氏族，派遣羋姓楚人進駐申地，並使這兩股力量結合，取代姬姜貴族，成為申縣新的核心權力集團。楚申縣的貴族聚居於申邑，死後族葬於城郊，並且在申縣轄域內享有采邑。直屬於楚王，由申公直接管轄的，主要是申縣中心的申邑及近郊區域。申公的首要職責是率領申師作戰，申縣的日常行政事務則由「申之老」，即申縣地方的采邑主貴族參與完成。在官僚行政體系仍未成熟、「編戶齊民」尚不普及的背景下，楚國通過不世襲的縣公與世襲采邑主結合的控制方式，將申地軍事、政治資源為楚所用的同時，消弭其獨立性，保障了楚國的穩固統治。

After King Wen of Chu (r. ca. 689–677 BCE)“annexed”the State of Shen, he deprived the ruling family of its power, established Shen County申縣, and appointed the Shen Gong申公(Duke of Shen) to administer it. During this process, the Chu retained some of the original aristocratic groups of the Shen, but at the same time transformed the latter’s power structure: local clans, not of the Ji姬or Jiang姜, led by the Peng彭family were promoted and members of the Mi羋clan were sent to establish a Chu presence, with the two parties ultimately uniting to replace the Ji and Jiang as the new core power group of the Shen. The aristocrats of Shen County, who enjoyed their own fiefdoms under the Shen Gong, resided in Shen Yi申邑, namely Shen City, and were buried in the outskirts of the city after their death. Falling under the direct control of the king of Chu, the Shen Gong’s authority was limited to only Shen City and its outlying areas, and the main duty of the Shen Gong was to lead the Shen army in battle, while the day-to-day administrative affairs of Shen County were carried out by the“lao of Shen”申之老, namely local fief lords. Against the background that a bureaucratic administrative system was still waiting to be fully realized and that the“bianhu qimin”編戶齊民household registration system had not yet become widespread, the combination of non-hereditary dukes of counties and hereditary fief lords ensured a stable rule for the State of Chu.