戰爭無人權—審視國際人權機制對俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭之回應

No human rights in war—Examine the responses of international human rights mechanisms to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

俄羅斯對烏克蘭發起軍事行動之後，造成許多人喪失生命或身心受到傷害。因而國際機制相當關切俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭所造成之人權傷害。在聯合國部分，大會通過決議，認定俄羅斯侵略烏克蘭違反聯合國憲章，關切嚴重、系統性侵犯及踐踏人權，決議暫停俄羅斯在人權理事會之成員國權利。人權理事會決定緊急設立一個獨立國際調查委員會，以調查俄羅斯侵犯及踐踏人權及違反國際人道法的行為及相關罪行。人權高級專員辦公室亦呈現俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭所造成之人權傷害情況。
在歐洲理事會部分，部長委員會做成決議，認為俄羅斯嚴重違反歐洲理事會規約第3條之義務，暫停俄羅斯之代表權。國會大會認為俄羅斯對烏克蘭軍事攻擊違反聯合國憲章，已構成破壞和平罪，亦是侵略，違反歐洲理事會規約。歐洲人權法院也發布暫行措施，要求俄羅斯避免對平民、住宅、學校與醫院等其他特別受保護之物體做軍事攻擊，並立即確保醫療設施及人員與緊急需要之車輛的安全。導致俄羅斯在2022年3月15日退出歐洲理事會及歐洲人權公約。
面對俄羅斯入侵烏克蘭所造成之人權傷害，國際人權機制已經相當快速的透過各種既有機制嘗試消弭傷害，但是受限於本質之侷限，實質上卻無法達成效果。

Russia’s military operation against Ukraine has resulted in the loss of life and physical and mental injury to many people. As a result, international mechanisms are concerned about the human rights harms caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
At the UN, the General Assembly adopted resolutions that found that Russia’s aggression against Ukraine violated the UN Charter and expressed concern about serious and systematic violations and abuses of human rights, and suspended Russia’s membership in the Human Rights Council. The Human Rights Council decided to urgently establish an independent international commission of inquiry to investigate violations and abuses of human rights and international humanitarian law and related crimes in Russia. The Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights also reported on the human rights harms caused by Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
At the Council of Europe, the Committee of Ministers adopted a resolution suspending Russia’s representation because of Russia’s serious violation of its obligations. The Consultative Assembly considered Russia’s military attacks on Ukraine to be in violation of the UN Charter, constituted crimes against peace and aggression. The European Court of Human Rights has also issued interim measures requiring Russia to refrain from military attacks on civilians and to immediately ensure the safety of medical facilities and personnel in urgent need. This led to Russia’s withdrawal from the Council of Europe and the European Convention on Human Rights.
The international human rights mechanisms have quickly responded to harms caused by Russia’s military attacks on Ukraine. But due to the limitations of their nature, they have not been able to achieve the effect in substance.