先期違約規則：比較、借鑒與整合

Rules of Anticipatory Breach: Comparison, Reference and Integration

先期違約包括拒絕履行和預期不能履行兩大類。拒絕履行既可以通過口頭或書面方式顯示，也可以通過行為方式顯示。拒絕履行的用語要確定，可被合理地理解為這種違約將會實際發生。拒絕履行的義務必須是合同的重要和基本性義務。在守約方接受拒絕履行之前，債務人可以撤回拒絕履行，並表明將繼續履行合同義務，從而使守約方不得解除合同。債務人的主觀意圖不是拒絕履行的構成要件。債務人的言行構成先期違約時，守約方享有合同解除權和違約損害賠償請求權。守約方也可以敦促債務人撤回拒絕履行，或者置拒絕履行於不顧，等待履行期限的到來。守約方有合理理由懷疑債務人的履行能力時，有權要求債務人提供充分的擔保，債務人若未提供擔保則構成先期違約。

Anticipatory breach includes renunciatory breach and prospective inability to perform the contract. The renunciatory breach can be expressed orally or in writing, as well as through an act. The dictions of the renunciatory breach should be certain, so that it could be reasonably understood that such a breach would occur. The obligations refused to perform should be substantial and fundamental in the contract. The obligator could withdraw the renunciatory breach and indicate his will to perform before the non - breaching party accepts the renunciatory breach, thus preventing rescinding the contract. The obligator' s subjective intention is not a constitutive requirement of the renunciatory breach. The non - breaching party is entitled to discharge the contract as well as claim for damages for breach of contract when the expression or the behavior of the obligator constitutes an anticipatory breach. Also, the non -breaching party may urge the withdrawal of the renunciatory breach or ignore it until the expiration of the time limit for performance. The non - breaching party is entitled to require the obligator to provide sufficient assurance when the obligator' s ability to perform is sensibly doubtful. The failure of the obligator to provide such assurance constitutes an anticipatory breach of contract.