歐盟《數字市場法》新範式──突破抑或坎阱

The New Paradigm of EU Digital Market Act－Innovation or Pitfall

在全球進入數字經濟時代的大背景下，大型數字平台更容易形成壟斷，這源於其獨有的網絡效應、市場鎖定效應、特有定價機制等特徵，以及資金、技術和數據優勢。傳統的歐盟競爭法框架以“相關市場界定”為基礎，採用事後規制的模式，在規制數字市場方面能力明顯不足。對此，歐盟《數字市場法》在經歷了三年多公開諮詢、專家論證及激烈的學術辯論後出台，於2022年11月1日正式生效，在主體界定、平台規制模式等方面進行了創新，被認為是對歐盟競爭法的重構。該法對規制模式的創新雖然可以體現出專門化、前置化、動態化特徵，迎合了數字經濟時代對競爭法新範式的期待，然而，其賦予歐盟委員會的權限過大，或將違背其規制目的。本文綜合分析歐盟《數字市場法》專門化與前置化規制範式的創新性與潛在問題，並進一步分析其面臨的挑戰，從而提出借鑒方案，以期為我國大型數字平台的規制提供參考。

Facing the global digital economy, large digital platforms are more prone to forming monopolies because of their unique network effects, market lock-in effects, unique pricing mechanisms, and the convenience provided by their financial, technological and data advantages. The traditional EU competition law framework is based on the '' relevant market definition'' and adopts the mode of ex post regulation, which is obviously insufficient in regulating the digital market. In this regard, the Digital Market Act, which entered into force on November 1, 2022 after more than three years of public consultation, expert evidence and intense academic debate, is considered to be a reconstruction of the EU's competition law as it introduces innovations in the definition of the subject matter, the platform regulation model, etc. The law is an innovation of the EU's competition law. DMA's innovation of the regulatory model can reflect the specialization, front-loading and dynamic features, catering to the expectation of a new paradigm of competition law in the era of the digital economy, however, the excessive competence it grants to the European Commission may run counter to its regulatory purpose. This paper comprehensively analyzes the innovativeness and potential problems of the DMA specialization and front-loading regulation paradigm, and further analyzes the challenges it faces, so as to propose a reference scheme, with a view to providing reference for the regulation of large-scale digital platforms in China.