國家主權豁免的法理基礎和外交實踐：以“密蘇里州訴中國案”為視域

The Jurisprudence and Diplomatic Practice of State Immunity: From the Perspective of Missouri v. China Case

在逆全球化和民粹主義興起的背景下，中國在美國司法實踐中多次被列為被告，國家主權豁免原則的適用成為國際法學界的熱點問題。國際法的碎片化、民族文化多元以及各國國際法外交實踐的差異，使國家豁免理論的現有學術研究缺乏理論解釋力和實踐應用性。在這種情形下，法學的橫向基本範疇有利於為不確定的和開放的國際法建構最低限度的教義學。以“密蘇里州訴中國案”為視域，法學的主體論、本體論和運行論可以有效地闡釋被告法律地位、國家豁免規範體系及其適用的基本原理。在理論與實踐的互動中，國際法的雙重法理揭示了國家主權豁免例外規則政治化和國際政治問題法律化的實踐邏輯。以國家主權的雙重屬性為框架，建構有關國家主權豁免問題的學術體系和話語體系有利於中國制定應對美國濫訴的外交路線圖，從而維護中國的合法權益，並為國際和平與安全作出應有的貢獻。

Against the background of the rise of anti-globalization and populism, China has been frequently targeted as the defendant in the judicial practice of the United States, and the application of the principle of state immunity has become a hot issue in the circle of international law. The fragmentation of international law, the diversity of national cultures and the differences in the diplomatic practice of international law among countries all make most existing academic literature on state immunity lack effective interpretation in theory and applicability in practice. Consequently, the horizontal basic categories of law are helpful to shape the primitive dogmatics for international law characterized with uncertainty and openness. From the perspective of Missouri v. China case, the theories of subjectivity, ontology and operation of jurisprudence are beneficial for detailed analysis of the legal status of the defendant, the legal system of state immunity and the methodology of its application. Through the interaction between theory and practice, the double jurisprudence of international law reveals the practical logic of the politicization of the exception rules of state immunity as well as the legalization of international political issues. Based on the dual nature of state sovereignty, shaping of the academic and discourse systems on the problem of state immunity will help China formulate a diplomatic roadmap to deal with US abuse of its proceeding rights and powers against China, thus to safeguard China's lawful rights and interests, and make great contributions to international peace and security.