跨境刑事證據審查判斷的要素檢視

An Element-based Review of the Examination of Cross-border Criminal Evidence

擇一或疊加適用人民法院所在地與取證行為地法律的證據合法性審查模式，不能解決跨境刑事證據審查判斷的實踐難題。這是因為，跨境刑事證據審查判斷包含的事實性要素和權利性要素相互分離，無法由准據法的選擇適用模式進行整合。事實性要素具有共通性，若人民法院在進行審查時對有差異的中外取證程序進行功能比較，實際上就適用了雙重准據法。但是，境外取證程序中的事實性要素未被全面識別，使得功能比較無從參照。對權利性要素差異性的片面強調，會阻礙辯方參與司法證明程序，帶來事實認定錯誤的風險。目前，應從三個方面融合兩類要素，優化跨境刑事證據的審查判斷：一是在進行雙重審查的基礎上，彌合權利保障要求的差異；二是從功能主義立場出發，實質解釋取證程序中的事實性要素；三是加強對辯方程序參與權的司法保障，彰顯權利性要素在提升事實認定準確性方面的功能。

The difficulties of examining of cross-border criminal evidence cannot be resolved by introducing a legality review model that applies laws of the location of the court and laws of the location of the evidence gathering exclusively or jointly. Because two types of elements of the examination of crossborder criminal evidence are isolated and cannot be integrated by simply choosing applicable laws. In examining fact-related elements which are universal in nature, some courts have already compared differences in evidence-gathering procedures. This is actually a double-appliable-laws model. But clear guidance for such a comparison is missing because fact-related elements of evidence-gathering procedures are not fully identified. If the examination of right-related elements is exclusively based on domestic laws, judicial sovereignty will be safeguarded better. However, such a model will undermine other states’willingness to provide assistance under certain circumstances. One-sided emphasis on the state-specific nature of right-related elements will impede participation of the defense in judicial proof and increase the risk of errors. The examination of cross-border evidence can be improved through the integration of two kinds of elements. First, in addition to double-examination, bilateral arrangements should be established to overcome differences in guarantees of rights. Second, fact-related element of evidence-gathering procedures can be explained substantially based on the function. Third, participative rights of the defense should be enhanced to reflect the function of right-related elements in ascertaining of the fact.