民國時期「無能」與「風流」的女校長：擔任學校領導崗位的職業女性所遭受的性別歧視

“Unqualified”and“Licentious”NüXiaozhang女校長in Republican China: Sexism toward Professional Women in School Leadership Positions

民國時期，受過良好教育的女性開始在各學齡段的學校擔任校長。這些女校長的出現象徵著中國女性開始離開家庭，擔任行政職務，為社會做出貢獻。這些擔任學校管理者的女性也象徵著教育界傳統性別權力關係的絕對顛覆，即她們有權力管理學校範圍內的男性教職員。然而，對於這些女校長的擔憂在男性知識份子中普遍存在，包括學生家長和地方精英。除了批評女校長，一些男性政治家甚至使用行政權力將女性限制在學校領導崗位之外。本文聚焦於1937年上海務本女子中學女校長胡蘭的貪汙案，探討即使在看似對女性開放的教育界，基層中小學女校長們所遭遇的極端性別歧視。本文認為，在男權主導下的民國社會，女校長們的教育資質和性道德很容易受到質疑:正如法律檔和其他歷史資料中揭示的那樣,“無能”與“風流”是女校長們所面對的最常見的兩項指控。這種性別矛盾也進一步揭示出在中國現代化的過程中，中國男性知識份子對傳統中國道德的控制與捍衛。

During the Republican Era, the emergence of female school principals at various school levels demonstrates the fact that well-educated women had begun to leave the domestic sphere to take up public roles as administrators in order to contribute to society. These women in school leadership positions also symbolize an absolute reversal of the traditional gender hierarchy in the educational field; that is, they were empowered to manage fellow teachers and staff who were largely male within the school confines. However, anxiety about these headmistresses was ubiquitous among male intellectuals, including students’guardians and local elites. In addition to criticizing headmistresses, some of these men even exercised their power to exclude women from school leadership positions. Focusing on the corruption case of Hu Lan胡蘭, headmistress of Shanghai Wuben Girls’Secondary School (Wuben nüzhong務本女中) in 1937, the present article explores the extreme sexism that lower-level female principals encountered even in education, a field that seemed to be open to women. This article argues that women’s educational qualifications and their sexual morality as school principals were easily questioned in male-dominated Republican China: as found in legal archives and other historical sources, being“unqualified”and“licentious”were the most two common accusations leveled against them. This gender tension further reveals Chinese male intellectuals’territoriality of Chinese morality and traditions during China’s modernization process.