清代對「胡虜夷狄」的文字避忌：以《宗忠簡集》、《楊忠愍集》、《平叛記》為例

Textual Avoidance of the Taboo Terms Hulu and Yidi in the Qing Dynasty: A Case Study of the Zong Zhongjian ji, Yang Zhongmin ji and Pingpanji

雍正十一年(1733)諭稱時人刊寫書籍時，凡遇「胡虜夷狄」等字，或作空白，或改易形聲，但若全面忌諱這些字，卻反有以滿洲即胡虜夷狄之嫌。乾隆四十二年(1777)更嚴斥四庫館臣在宗澤(1059-1128)《宗忠簡集》及楊繼盛(1516-1555)《楊忠愍集》兩書中，屢將描述金人或諳達的「夷」、「狄」作不當改寫。本文因此透過大數據時代的新研究環境，取得此二書各種明、清刊本，並對照文淵、文津、文瀾三閣四庫全書，以比較版本間的諱改情形。又以涉及明清鼎革史事的《平叛記》為例，多方蒐羅其原刊本及挖改本，試探自康熙五十五年(1716)的初刻本以迄民初重新排印的各版本，如何透過剷板或刪改的方式，以拿捏敘事用字的分寸。透過這些案例，具體呈顯中國傳統社會在文字表述時所常出現的「自我壓抑」現象。

In the year 1723, the Yongzheng雍正emperor issued an edict, which said he found when people published books, they often either left blank characters for the terms hulu yidi胡虜夷狄(barbarians) or purposely avoided using these terms. If these terms should be avoided, it means people took the Manchu people who ruled China as“barbarians,”so the emperor prohibited the self-censored taboo terms to be applied. In 1777, the ministers in charge of compiling the Siku quanshu四庫全書(Complete Library of the Four Branches of Literature) were severely reprimanded by the Qianlong乾隆emperor for failing to eliminate references to the Jin Jurchen people and some Mongolian tribes as yi and di in Zong Ze’s宗澤(1059-1128) Zong Zhongjian ji宗忠簡集and Yang Jisheng’s楊繼盛(1516-1555) Yang Zhongmin ji楊忠愍集. Taking advantage of the new research environment in the era of big data, this article compares the Ming and Qing editions of these two books with their Wenyuan文淵, Wenjin文津and Wenlan文瀾editions of the Siku quanshu to analyze their avoidance of the taboo terms. The Pingpanji平叛記, which recorded historical events during the transition from the Ming to the Qing, is also studied as another key example. After examining the original unabridged edition and the reprinted revised editions of this text, we explore how the reprinted editions deleted or altered the taboo terms in accordance with the emperors’edicts. Through these case studies, we illustrate the new phenomena of“self-repression/censorship”that occured when taboo words were proscribed in traditional Chinese society.