漢唐間的徵文主義──兼與冨谷至先生商榷

A Study of“Zhengwen Zhuyi”during the Han and Tang Dynasties: Some Academic Problems with Prof. Itaru Tomiya's Accont

冨谷至在〈漢律から唐律へ――裁判規範と行爲規範〉一文中提出了「徵文主義」的概念，用以指稱將徵引成文法作為自身行為、觀點合法性依據的理念或準則。該文考證漢代司法表現出強烈的徵文主義傾向，而至唐時徵文主義已相當淡薄。該研究涉及漢唐間法制觀念與司法實踐的演變，其結論具有重要意義。然而，本文通過梳理漢唐間徵文主義的發展脈絡，獲得與〈漢律から唐律へ〉一文完全不同的認識。首先，漢代有關司法事務的各類文書雖然存在徵引漢律的現象，但當時的徵文具有較強的隨意性，尚未構成司法判決的必要因素；進入魏晉南北朝時代，徵文主義制度化趨勢愈發顯著，特別是北朝時期，徵文制度開始廣泛應用於司法實踐之中。在此基礎上，唐代通過設立〈斷獄律〉「斷罪引律令格式」條，明定刑事判決必須徵引所依據的成文法，並通過〈獄官令〉「諸司斷事，悉依律令格式正文」條從行政法角度確立法律的權威地位。至此徵文已超越「主義」的層面，成為基於律令體制的一種司法制度；另一方面，大量唐代司法判決文書實例印證了徵文制度在現實中的應用。通過上述考察，本文揭示漢唐間司法徵文經歷了制度不斷完善、相關觀念逐漸強化的過程。

Itaru Tomiya addressed the concept of“Zhengwen Zhuyi”徵文主義in his article“Norms of Adjudication and Norms of Conduct: From the Han Statutes to the Tang Criminal Code,”which pertains to citations of criminal code律and administrative statutes令as the basis for judicial decisions. Tomiya argues that the judicial system in the Han dynasty had a strong“Zhengwen Zhuyi”tendency, while in the Tang dynasty this tendency had weakened considerably. Tomiya’s study examines the evolution of legal concepts and judicial practices between Han and Tang dynasties, and his conclusion bears great significance.
However, after empirically reexamining the development of“Zhengwen Zhuyi”between the Han and Tang dynasties, the present author has reached an understanding the differs completely from Tomiya’s conclusion in“Norms of Adjudication and Norms of Conduct.”First, although there was a phenomenon of citing the relevant Han criminal code in judicial documents during the Han dynasty, the citations at that time was very arbitrary, and such citations were not a necessary factor for making judicial judgment. Secondly, during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern dynasties, the institutionalization of“Zhengwen Zhuyi”became increasingly apparent. It was during the Northern dynasty in particular that the“Zhengwen”system began to be widely used in judicial practice. Finally, by promulgating the article that“All criminal sentences must cite a formal provision from the Code, Statutes, Regulations, or Ordinances”「斷罪引律令格式」in the Code of Judgments and Prison Sentences〈斷獄律〉, the Tang court clarified that whenever a criminal judgment is made, the relevant formal law must be cited. And, it also promulgates the article that“All departments must comply the formal provisions of the Code, Statutes, Regulations, or Ordinances when making judgments”「諸司斷事，悉依律令格式正文」in the Prison Officer Statutes〈獄官令〉, to ensure the implementation of“Zhengwen”system in administrative procedures. By this point,“Zhengwen”had surpassed the level of a concept and become a judicial system based on the legal system. Numerous judicial judgment documents from the Tang dynasty further corroborate the application of the“Zhengwen”system in practice. To conclude, the present article shows that during the Han and Tang dynasties, the“Zhengwen”system was continuously improved, and the relevant concept was concomitantly strengthened.