從政府檔案到出版物：宋代方志的轉變及其歷史意義

From Government Documents to Private Publications: On the Significance of the Transformation of Local Gazetteers during the Song Dynasty

北宋前期的圖經繼承隋唐圖經的傳統，仍屬政府檔案，主要以抄本形式保存於政府機構中。遲至北宋中期開始，圖經開始出現一些新變化，包括作者身分的出現（包括平民士人也開始以圖經作者身分出現）、作者寫序說明編纂緣由、以及編者會抄錄一份藏於家中以作為日後與其他士人的交遊之資等。約自1080年代開始，圖經開始被刊印出版，導致其預設讀者從少數地方官員與少數有機緣的士人，擴大到全國範圍的官員與士人，圖經的名稱也逐漸轉變為方志。隨之而來的另一變化，是地方長官也開始對成為方志作者感到高度興趣，因為他們注意到可以利用方志的出版，來向全國範圍的讀者宣傳其兩種身分：幹練的政府官員與有文化修養的儒家士人。方志在此時發生這些變化，應與當時士人數量的大量增加有關。由於薦舉在宋代升遷制度中對於改官的重要性，士人之間的人際交流與社會網絡發揮了重要功能，方志的出版正好可以作為編者在廣大官員與士人社群間，建立潛在社會網絡的方法之一。1170年代以後，編者以外的地方士人，也開始利用方志人物傳，向全國官員與士人宣傳以特定群體為主的地方士人形象。大約自1190年代開始，地方官員也發現，在方志成為出版品之後，除了作為方志作者的身分之外，他們還可以利用方志記錄其具體事蹟，更精確地形塑自身作為幹練官員與儒家士人的形象，這種作法在1220年至1260年間達到高峰。宋代方志的演變過程中，方志不斷被加入新的功能，但舊功能始終保存，新功能乃是以層累疊加的方式套疊在方志之上，並始終保持作為提供政府官員施政依據的政府檔案之最初功能。

During the early Northern Song dynasty, map records (tujing) continued to be used as they had been used during the previous Sui and Tang dynasties: they were written anonymously by and for government officials, and kept hidden away in government administrative centers. But starting from the middle of the Northern Song at the latest, major changes took place in the nature of tujing. Authors of tujing would clearly identify themselves as such, even when they were not government officials themselves; prefaces were now included as well, explaining the reasons for the compilation of the various works; and hand-written copies were kept privately at home for authors to share with their colleagues and friends. Beginning at around 1080, tujing also began to be published. By 1170, the target reader of this genre had been enlarged significantly: tujing could be read not only by local officials, but by officials and literati throughout the realm, and the name of tujing had gradually changed to local gazetteers. Another change that took place at around 1190 was that officials became highly interested in attaching their names to local gazetteers, for this benefited them in their quest for self-promotion. Indeed, being the author of a local gazetteer enabled an official to appear as a capable administrator, one with impressive literary credentials to boot. These changes in the nature and function of local gazetteers most likely had to do several factors. The number of the literati increased significantly during this period. Personal recommendations became an important means of career advancement, and being the author of a celebrated local gazetteer helped one secure a positive referral. It appears likely that the practice of using local gazetteers as a means of personal advancement reached a peak between 1220 and 1260. The functions of the old tujing were retained: they were still used by officials to understand the districts over which they were put in charge. But now local gazetteers also allowed one to network with other officials and rise in the administrative hierarchy.