解構中國因素：跨海峽民間宗教交流的制度邏輯

Deconstructing the China Factor: The Institutional Logics of Cross-Strait Popular Religious Exchanges

本文建立在筆者對過去四十年來兩岸民間宗教交流的歷史分析，以及對交流的微觀情境觀察。文章以制度邏輯分析觀點，視兩岸民間宗教交流為多重制度互動的產物，並整合兩岸宗教治理和政治體制的制度秩序，提出跨海峽民間宗教交往的內生和外生行動邏輯。前者的權威與正當性來源為民間宗教制度，後者主要來自中共政經體制。研究發現：中共對臺宗教工作隨著其國內對宗教事務的集中化規管，兩岸宗教交往從以地方政府主導，逐漸提升層級、擴大規模和制度化，而今呈現中央主導和地方管理並行，試圖統籌交流的制度空間。臺灣民間宗教社群參與者身處多重制度位置，在參與交往的實作上，多能分離、甚或運用內外生邏輯的矛盾，因而限制了統戰的作用，此能動性卻也增加內外生制度邏輯的互補性，再生臺灣民間參與跨海峽宗教交流的制度動力。

This article investigates the institutional logics and patterns of cross-strait popular religious exchanges. It adopts a meso-level institutional logics perspective and views cross-strait religious exchanges as functions of inter-institutional dynamics. Based on a historical analysis of Chinese official publications and data collected from participant observation and in-depth interviews, the article develops a conceptual framework of endogenous and exogenous religious exchanges situated in cross-strait differences in political and religious governance. The endogenous logics of action draw their sources of legitimacy and authority from the decentralized popular religious institutions; the exogenous logics are driven by Chinese Communist party’s political and economic governance. The article finds that since 2005 the policy structure of cross-strait religious exchanges has shifted from being primarily driven by local state management to being driven by central state initiatives. Taiwanese participants are able to segregate and utilize the contradictions between the endogenous and exogenous institutions, limiting the effect of the Chinese Communist Party’s religious united front work. Their agency, however, also helps increase the complementarity between the two institutional orders, hence regenerating the logics of participation.