出土文物所見先秦至漢代的卜筮操作——參照《周禮•春官•大卜》的記述

The Operation of Divination from the Pre-Qin Period to the Han Dynasty as Seen in Unearthed Cultural Relics: Descriptions from“Da Bu”in the Rites of Zhou

本文藉由《周禮》官僚體系掌握先秦卜筮概念，包括龜卜、易筮和占夢，解說卜筮器具、活動過程以及知識技術的承傳。「卜師」所掌開龜四兆，即周朝的四種龜甲鑽鑿形態，其中義兆或許是轉角圓折的方鑿，弓兆為內含縱槽的雙聯圓鑽。春秋時期觀察龜甲燒灼破裂的兆紋之外，還需繇辭才能判斷吉凶，上博簡《卜書》搜集龜卜家創作的繇辭，正是這種風俗下的產物。「占人」兼掌龜卜與易筮，與戰國楚卜筮簡反映相同的時代特徵。透過包山簡不同字跡還原卜筮活動的實際過程。依據清華簡《筮法》的筮數推測早期揲蓍之法，和蓍草數目的可能範圍。王家臺秦簡《歸藏》屢言「枚占」，同墓出土六十支「枚」長度達62.5公分，應是配合使用的筮具，春秋晚期興起「枚筮」、「枚卜」，可能就是《歸藏》撰作的時代背景。北大秦簡《禹九策》以籌策、竹筒作為筮具，即《楚辭》所稱「筳篿」。北大漢簡《荊決》與宋元時期茅卜近似，推測原以楚地特產的靈茅為占，即《楚辭》所稱「藑茅」。「占夢」職掌與望氣有關，三夢中的「致夢」即後世所言託夢，「觭夢」為奇異之夢，「咸陟」可能是感氣之夢。嶽麓秦簡《占夢書》記載神靈欲食而致夢於人的觀念，影響傳統文化至為久遠。

The present article apprehends the concept of divination in the pre-Qin period by analyzing certain bureaucratic systems within Zhouli周禮(Rites of Zhou), including pyro-plastromancy (tortoise plastron cracking), stalk divination and oneiromancy, which elaborate on divination tools, the processes of related activities and the propagation of technical knowledge. To begin,“bushi”卜師(divination master or instructor) were responsible for the four types of omens on tortoise plastrons in the Zhou dynasty; among them, the yi義omen is likely a square hole with rounded corners and gong弓(bow) is two connected round holes with longitudinal grooves. In addition to observing the cracks of tortoise plastrons from the Spring and Autumn period, it is necessary to determine whether the omen is auspicious or ominous by their associated verses. Fortunately, Bushu卜書, a manuscript in the Shanghai Museum Chu bamboo slips from the Warring States period regarded as a direct product of this custom, has collected the verses. The role of“zhanren”占人(diviner) also conducted tortoise plastron cracking and stalk divination, a practice which reflects the same characteristics of bamboo slips used for divination in the Chu region of the Warring States period. With this in mind, this article restores the actual processes of divination activities through the different styles of handwriting of the Baoshan bamboo slips. Moreover, the numbers that were recorded in Shifa筮法, found within the Tsinghua University bamboo slips, can assist us in inferring the early methods of yarrow stalk divination and the possible range of the number of yarrows. Guizang歸藏of the Wangjiatai Qin bamboo slips frequently mentions“mei”枚(twig) divination, and sixty twigs with a length of 62.5 cm were unearthed from the very same tomb as the slips, indicating that they were used as divination tools. The rise of twig divination in the late Spring and Autumn period likely serves as the background of when Guizang was written. The manuscript Yu jiu ce禹九策(Nine Stalks of Yu) from the Peking University Qin bamboo slips uses bamboo chips and bamboo tubes as divination tools, namely the so-called“tingzhuan”筳篿within the Songs of Chu楚辭. Jing jue荊決contained with the Han bamboo slips at Peking University is similar to the thatch divination of the Song and Yuan dynasties, and it can be speculated that divine thatch, a specialty of the Chu region, was originally used for divination which is referred to as“qiongmao”藑茅in the Songs of Chu. Finally, this article expounds that“zhanmeng”占夢, namely oneiromancy, is related to the practice of divination through observing meteorological phenomenon. Of the three types of dreams,“zhimeng”致夢is what later generations would call being visited (e.g., by a deity or the deceased) in a dream;“jimeng”觭夢connotes any dream deemed to be fantastic; and“xianzhi”咸陟is likely a dream about the weather. The text Zhanmeng shu占夢書, found within the Yuelu Academy Qin bamboo slips, records that spirits desire to eat and lead someone to dream, a conception which has long influenced traditional culture.