〈堯典〉「光被四表」與「橫被四表」文本解析──漢代經師隸定與訓讀的一個側面

Textual Analysis of“Guangbei sibiao”and“Hengbei sibiao”in“Yaodian”: An aspect of Han Dynasty Classics Masters’Transcribing and Reading

代經師傳授經學古文文本最重要的方法之一是「漢讀」。漢讀既蘊含漢字形音義的客觀存在和變異，也帶有經師對漢字形音義的主觀認識，主客觀的差異和矛盾會造成各種歧解與譌誤。《尚書‧堯典》中的「光被四表」、「橫被四表」乃至「桄被四表」和「廣被四表」的一組異文，是乾嘉以還諸多學者分析經籍異文的典型事例，它引發桄、光、橫、廣之間的聲韻關係和如何對應今古文《尚書》文本，以及「充塞」和「光燿」訓釋是非的討論，但卻唯獨忽略了異文間字形傳抄變形的分析。經梳理這組異文的甲、金、古文字形及其演變的軌跡，尤其是齊系文字的特點，兼顧傳抄中的譌變，剖析漢代經師在辨識、隸定、訓讀時產生譌誤的原因，揭示出一條經師在傳授經典過程中形成今古文文本的途徑。

One of the most important methods for classical masters in the Han dynasty to teach ancient texts was“Han reading.”Han reading not only entails the objective existence and variation of the form, sound, and meaning of Chinese characters but also reflects the subjective understanding of the characters by the masters. The discrepancy and contradiction between the subjective and objective aspects can lead to various misunderstandings and errors.
“Guangbei sibiao”and“Hengbei sibiao”in“Yaodian”were a set of classic examples of variant texts that have been widely analyzed by scholars since the Qianjia period.“Guang”can be written into“光”and“桄”, and“Heng”can be transcribed into“橫”and“廣.”The phonetic relationship and how they correspond to different versions of Book of Document, and also the interpretation of“充塞(filled with)”and“光燿(radiance)”were deliberated. Among these, the analysis of the changes in the forms of the characters between variant texts during text transcription was neglected.
Through sorting out the oracle bone script, bronze inscriptions, and ancient forms of these variant texts and their evolution, especially the characteristics of the Qi system characters, while considering the changes in duplicating. This article analyzed the reasons for the errors made by the classical masters in identifying, transcribing, and reading, revealing a path by which the masters formed the text of the classics over time during the process of teaching.