「抑德」與「懿德」──從清華拾〈四告〉談起

“Yide”抑德and“Yide”懿德in the“Four Proclmations”within the Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Slips

先秦兩漢文獻有「懿德」，沒有「抑德」。《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（拾）．四告．滿告》公布後，原整理者的釋文中有五個「懿」字，都釋為「懿美」義。沈培指出這五個「懿」字應分為「（壹印）」、「（壹欠）」兩類，都應讀為「抑」，其中的「（壹印）德」、「（壹欠）德」也都應讀為「抑德」，指抑戒之德，進而指出先秦兩漢文獻中的「懿德」也應理解為「抑德」。林宏佳則以為「（壹印）德」、「（壹欠）德」及文獻中的「懿德」都應釋為「懿美之德」。本文同意簡文「（壹欠）」字承甲骨金文，即「懿」字，簡文的「（壹欠）德」應釋為「懿美之德」，傳世文獻的「懿德」應依舊解釋為懿美之德。「（壹印）」則為楚簡為德性義的「抑」所造的專字，「（壹欠）德」應讀為「抑德」。〈滿告〉、〈祭公之顧命〉「抑德」的釋讀，為中國哲學史增添了一個新的德目，豐富了中國哲學史的議題。

Within pre-Qin and Han dynasty documents, one can note the concept of ''yide''懿德(virtue), but one does not find the concept of ''yide''抑德(the virtue of self-restraint). In ''Man gao''滿告of ''Si gao''四告(''Four Proclamations'') within Qinghua daxue cang Zhanguo zhujian (shi)清華大學藏戰國竹簡(拾) (Warring States Bamboo Slips in the Collection of Tsinghua University [Vol. X]), the original collators have interpreted the five instances of the character懿as ''yimei''懿美(virtue). Researcher Shen Pei沈培argues that these five characters should be divided into two categories,（壹印）and（壹欠）, both of which should be read as抑. Moreover,（壹印）德and（壹欠）德should be read as抑德, the virtue of self-restraint, thereby maintaining that懿德in pre-Qin and Han documents should likewise be interpreted as抑德. Scholar Lin Hongjia林宏佳, on the other hand, suggests that（壹印）德and（壹欠）德as well as懿德within other texts should all be understood as ''virtuous behaviour,'' namely being linked with懿美. This paper agrees that the character（壹欠）found on the bamboo slips should be deciphered as懿, which is derived from the character in oracle bone and bronze inscriptions. Furthermore, the term（壹欠）德on the slips and懿德in passed down ancient documents should be the meaning of ''virtuous behaviour,'' as previously intrepreted. Finally, the character（壹印）is a specialized form created in Chu bamboo slips to represent the concept of ''restraint''; therefore,（壹印）德should be read as抑德. The interpretation of抑德in texts such as ''Man gao'' and ''Zhai gong zhi gu ming''祭公之顧命(''The Duke of Zhai's Retrospective Command'') is thus able to add a new dimension to the history of Chinese philosophy and enrich related subjects.