國內外中小企業職業安全衛生政策初探

A Preliminary Study on Occupational Safety and Health Policies of Small and Medium Enterprises in Domestic and International Contexts

中小企業是許多國家的經濟主幹，然而其在職業安全衛生上的實施常因某些因素而忽略或限制，或是對法律要求的風險評估一知半解。因此，輔導中小企業預防職業安全衛生風險是需要持續關注的議題。本研究以中小企業、風險評估、職業安全衛生管理等關鍵字，透過美國、歐盟等職業安全衛生相關單位及國際組織之官方網站搜尋相關政策及指引，並與我國政策比較後，統整出適合我國參考之政策建議。結果發現各國中小企業比例皆佔多數，且在中小企業的職業安全衛生輔導上也花費不少心思，例如：美國擬定相關指引以協助並提升中小企業雇主之職場風險評估的實施，也強調勞工的參與，以利評估落實；日本厚生勞動省協同相關單位辦理中小企業職場風險評估教育訓練及實際演練，以提升中小企業之職業安全衛生知能。
我國在輔導中小企業職業安全衛生政策上已持續多年且不斷精進，但為求中小企業的安全衛生知能更加提升，並讓中小企業能獨立自主執行評估及管理，可參考美國職業安全衛生自我查核表，或國際勞工組織的簡易風險評估指引進行調整，發展出適合我國不同行業且可簡易上手之風險評估工具。

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) are the economic backbone of many countries. However, the implementation of occupational safety and health in such enterprises is often ignored or restricted due to certain factors, or limited understanding of the risk assessment required by law. Therefore, guiding SMEs to prevent occupational safety and health risks is an issue that requires continuous attention. In this study, we used keywords such as small and medium-sized enterprises, risk assessment, and occupational safety and health management to find relevant policies and guidelines through official websites of occupational safety and health-related organizations in the United States, the European Union, and other international organizations. After comparing them Taiwan’s policies and guidelines, suitable policy recommendations for reference are compiled. The results reveal that SMEs account for the majority in each country, and significant efforts are put into counseling SMEs on occupational safety and health. For example, the United States has developed relevant guidelines to assist and enhance the implementation of workplace risk assessment by SME employers. They also emphasize worker participation for effective assessment implementation. The Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare in Japan collaborates with relevant organizations to provide education and training on workplace risk assessment for SMEs, aiming to enhance their occupational safety and health knowledge and capabilities. There have been continuous and ongoing efforts in Taiwan to counsel SMEs on occupational safety and health policies for many years. However, to improve the safety and health knowledge of SMEs and to allow them to perform assessment and management independently, Taiwan can refer to the Self- Inspection Checklists issued by the US Occupational Safety and Health Administration or the simple workplace risk assessment guidelines by the International Labor Organization, etc., and develop risk assessment tools that are suitable and can be easily used for different industries in Taiwan.