緬甸僑教再訪：以歷史制度論為主的分析

Revisiting the Changing Overseas Chinese Education in Myanmar: An Analysis Based on Historical Institutional Theory

本文以歷史制度論為主要分析理論，並建構了僑校的類型，回顧了緬甸近百年來的僑教發展，爬梳了重要的歷史時刻與脈絡，且進行了田野調查與重要人士訪談。我們認為緬甸僑教的發展之初，即承載了清光緒年間到民國初年的保皇派與革命黨，以及隨後的國、共之爭。而這也使得緬甸僑教，在緬甸獨立建國之後，從絢爛到繁華落盡。隨著緬甸的政經社會環境流轉，以及來自臺灣的支持，再加上緬甸華僑社群所具有的傳統中華文化底蘊，使得緬甸僑教於緬北再次興起。長久以來就在一個人力物力有限，且承受著各方壓力的環境下，依然堅守著中華文化傳承，以及培養華人社群子弟的傳統社會與教育責任。近年來緬甸的自由化、民主化，政治社會環境隨之開放，以及教育市場日益競爭，各主要僑校更嘗試各種可能的方式加以因應。不過，依然堅守著初心，始終沒有朝向商業化國際學校的路徑轉型。雖然，二〇二〇年新冠疫情蔓延全球，使得緬甸僑校面臨前所未有的困境。但因為堅守著對於「華人社群責任與教育初心」，也才能夠在二〇二一年緬甸軍事政變之後，再次為下一代華人子弟的教育與未來，燃起那希望的燈火。

On this research, we take historical institutional theory as the main analysis theory, constructing the types of overseas Chinese schools. We review the development of overseas Chinese education in Myanmar in the past hundred years, carrying important historical moments and contexts, as well as conducting field investigations and interviews with prominent personage. We believe that the beginning of the development of the Overseas Chinese Education in Burma, bearing the burden of the royalist and revolutionary parties from the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty to the early Republic of China, as well as the subsequent struggle between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. This also made the overseas Chinese education in Myanmar from splendid to prosperous after the independence and founding of Myanmar. With the change of Myanmar's political, economic and social environment, as well as the support from Taiwan, coupled with the traditional Chinese cultural heritage of the overseas Chinese community in Myanmar, the overseas Chinese education in Myanmar has reemerged in northern Myanmar. For a long time, in an environment with limited manpower and material resources and under the pressure of all parties, Chinese in Myanmar still insist on the inheritance of Chinese culture and the traditional social and educational responsibilities of cultivating the children of the Chinese community. In recent years, with the liberalization and democratization of Myanmar, the subsequent opening up of the political and social environment, and the increasing competition in the education market, major overseas Chinese schools have tried various possible ways to respond. However, it still sticks to its original intention and has never transformed towards a commercial international school. However, the spread of the new crown epidemic in 2020 has made overseas Chinese schools in Myanmar face unprecedented difficulties. Despite their adherence to the ''responsibility of the Chinese community and the original intention of education'', they were able to ignite the light of hope for the education and future of the next generation of Chinese children after the military coup in Myanmar in 2021.