創傷倫理化與創傷政治化的圖像辯證：薩科的《加薩註解》

The Ethical-Political Dialectic in Joe Sacco’s Footnotes in Gaza

學界咸認為薩科(Joe Sacco)的《加薩註解》(Footnotes in Gaza)為一本見證人權災難的漫畫新聞(comics journalism)，修特(Hillary Chute)便由見證倫理的角度來切入，認為《加薩註解》見證了他者無言的苦難，而開拓出倫理關懷。然而鄧斯特(Alexander Dunst)則認為見證倫理常啟動過於簡化的同情，既未能關照受難者的能動性和未來的想像力，也忽略薩科作品中因為援引漫畫媒介所帶來的形式創新。本文擬由修特的見證倫理說法出發，借道鄧斯特強調的創意行動(creative activism)之概念，剖析倫理詮釋的見與不見，最後則論證薩科的漫畫新聞雖然可能喚起讀者的同理心，同時凸顯出巴勒斯坦人民追求自主之創意行動，但是薩科的紀實漫畫更以蒐集、堆疊、展演主流歷史所未能登錄與紀載的史料為其主要手段，藉此來脈絡化巴勒斯坦人所承受的創傷的日常化、重複性、能見度與普遍性。因此，本文認為薩科的《加薩註解》乃藉由漫畫的操作一方面挑戰讀者習以為常的「感性配置」，不再以既有的、西方式的美學框架來理解巴勒斯坦人民的苦中作樂，另一方面也在感動之餘，鬆動主流歷史敘事，重塑讀者對歷史的認知，並見證巴勒斯坦人拒絕遺忘的政治動能。

Joe Sacco’s Footnotes in Gaza has been widely praised for its ethical approach to witnessing and documenting human rights abuses. Hillary Chute has argued that the book is an exercise in empathy, while Alexander Dunst has criticized the limitations of such an approach, which he believes can reduce victims to objects of sympathy rather than acknowledging their agency and imagination. This article begins by examining Chute’s ethics of witness and draws on Dunst’s concept of“creative activism”to argue that while Sacco’s“comic journalism”can evoke empathy and highlight the creativity of Palestinians, its primary goal is to gather, arrange, and present historical materials that have been overlooked by mainstream history, thereby contextualizing how the insistent discursive return to the past disrupts the present and anticipates a different future. Rather than attempting to activate ethical dialectics or summon political resistance through witnessing trauma, this article believes that through the use of comics, Sacco’s Footnotes in Gaza challenges readers’habitual aesthetic configurations and also expands their understanding of historical events as well as the Palestinians’determination not to forget, thereby ultimately promoting a more nuanced and sensory appreciation of the past.