跨國追贓沒收裁決承認與執行的法律基石

Legal Basis concerning Recognition and Enforcement of Confiscated Judgements for Cross-country Asset Recovery

國際社會的跨國追贓行動最早可以追溯到20世紀60年代，歐洲的瑞士較早進行了多方嘗試與探索。跨國追贓沒收裁決承認與執行是跨國追贓的重要途徑之一，但受制于刑事執行管轄權的屬地性，跨國追贓沒收裁決的承認與執行必須通過國際司法合作實現。無論是跨國追贓中的直接沒收還是間接沒收，探尋明確有效的法律依據是其基本前提。各國開展跨國追贓合作，應遵循互惠、互認、對等以及國際合作等基本原則。跨國追贓沒收裁決承認與執行的國際法律依據主要有《聯合國禁止非法販運麻醉藥品和精神藥物公約》《聯合國打擊跨國有組織犯罪公約》《聯合國反腐敗公約》等多邊公約、歐盟的區域性條約及一系列雙邊協定;國內法律依據主要是各國的實體法與程序法，新加坡、美國、澳大利亞和日本等國內立法具有一定代表性。跨國追贓沒收裁決承認與執行的法律依據明晰化和精確化，是全球治理與國際社會法治的核心要義。

The earliest transnational confiscation of stolen goods traces back to the 1960s. Switzerland in Europe is the first country to have conducted attempts and explorations in many spheres. Recognition and enforcement of confiscated judgements for cross-country asset recovery is one of the important channels for cross-country recovery of stolen assets. However, due to the territorial nature of criminal execution jurisdiction, the recognition and enforcement of confiscated judgements for cross-country asset recovery must be achieved through international judicial assistance and cooperation. The issue of recognition and enforcement of transnational confiscation of stolen goods belongs to the category of international judicial assistance and cooperation. Whether direct confiscation or indirect confiscation of the transnational asset recovery, the fundamental key premise is to seek incisive and effective legislative authority. In the practical process of performing transnational confiscation of stolen goods, every nation should follow the basic principles of reciprocity, equity, mutual recognition, and international cooperation. International legislative authorities of transnational confiscation of stolen goods are United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, United Nations Convention against Corruption, other multilateral conventions, European regional treaties and a series of bilateral agreements. Civil legislative authorities are mainly based on the substantive and procedural law of the nations in which Singapore, the United States, Australia and Japan are the most important representatives. To achieve accuracy and precision of the legislative authority concerning recognition and enforcement of transnational confiscation of stolen goods is the key issue of global administration and international social rule of law.