析論臺灣地名中「坡作陂解」的現象

Analyzing the phenomena of“pho was explained as pi”in Taiwan place names

臺灣舊地名一直有「坡作陂解」的現象，本文透過各類地圖、古契書、地方志、族譜與地名語意詮釋資料的分析，驗證了：「臺灣舊地名中『坡作陂解』並非漢字書寫上的誤植，而是涉及到漢字發展史上關於坡、陂、坂／阪等的字義、字音流變及其傳承過程，且臺灣漢族住民的本地與其祖籍地閩南、閩西與粵東普遍存在的現象。陂與坡混用狀況始終存在，不是1920年日本人進行行政區域調整、地名雅化後才改的，更不是先輩們教育程度不高的誤植。
本文針對坡、陂之語義演變過程的檢證得知，在上古時期，陂與坡字，語音相涉、語義相關；到了中古，陂與坡字的語音與語義已分流。臺灣與福建承襲中古以前「坡作陂解」的習慣，華語則承襲中古以後「坡作山坡」的用法。閩、粵閩語區與日本，指涉「山坡」另有用詞，普遍用坂、阪，且以坂為常見，「坂」是閩語十分突出的有標地名詞，卻幾乎不見於客家語區。本文認為坂、阪與坡，具有替換連動的作用，若以坂、阪指涉山坡，則坡就可用於指涉陂塘而不混淆。

The phenomena that“pho (坡) is explained as pi (陂)”to old place names in Taiwan happens regularly. This study analyzed various maps, old deeds, local chronicles, genealogy and semantics to interpret place names. We have verified the phenomena of“pho (坡) being written as pi(陂)”in Taiwan old place names, which is not a typographical error in Chinese writing, but involves the words history of Chinese characters development changing due to the process of pronunciation and semantics. The phenomena of“pho (坡) being written as pi (陂)”also took place in Southern Fujian, Southwestern Fujian and Eastern Guangdong regions. The mixed use of pho (坡) and pi (陂) exist in Taiwan place names all the time, even before the Japanese colonial government adjusted the administrative area, and refined some place names in Taiwan.
In this study, based on the verification of the pronunciation and semantics evolution process of pho (坡) and pi (陂), we found that: in Ancient times, pho (坡) and pi (陂) characters were related in pronunciation and semantics; and in the Middle Ages, the phonetics and semantics of pho (坡) and pi (陂) were separated. Taiwan and Fujian inherited the habit before Middle Ages of“pho (坡) being explained as pi (陂)”, and Chinese inherited the usage of“pho (坡) being explained as“slope”after the Middle Ages. In Southern Min language regions of Fujian and Guangdong and in Japan, it is common to use pan (坂/阪) as“slope”. Pan (坂/阪) is a very prominent marked toponym word in the Min language region, but it is hardly seen in the Hakka language area. This study argues that pan (坂/阪) and pho (坡) have the effect of replacement and linkage, if pan (坂/阪) refers to“slope”, then the pho (坡) can be used to refer to“pond”without any confusion. In addition, Min language and Hakka language have abundant toponym words for distinguishing slope degree and slope shape, which can replace the general meaning of pho (坡).