智慧社區項目何以成功實施？目標依賴和資源依賴的合作理論分析框架

How Can the Smart Community Project be Performed Successfully? An Analytical Framework of Cooperation Theory Based on Goal Dependence and Resource Dependence

本研究借助田野調查和個案研究法，基於目標依賴和資源依賴的行動者合作理論分析框架，以上海市浦東新區A街道智慧社區試點項目為研究對象，聚焦於智慧群租管理、智慧停車誘導和智慧消防管理等三項目，從行動者目標依賴關係和資源依賴關係視角對智慧社區項目成功實施的運作機理進行了探究。研究發現：（1）以政府投資為主的智慧社區項目的成功實施最終通過積極合作和消極合作兩類互動過程實現。（2）在積極合作中，目標積極依賴是合作行為的基礎和決定因素；資源依賴關係起到調節促進合作進程的作用，核心行動者的合作推進策略包括利益誘導和經濟利益威懾等。（3）在消極合作中，互動過程經歷了衝突對抗向遵從合作的轉變，各行動者對核心行動者的資源依賴關係是互動方向轉變的關鍵，衝突的化解策略包括基於行政權威的官方共用、資源互惠、經濟利益威懾控制等，目標消極依賴決定了合作的脆弱性特點。本文研究結論意味著在合作治理問題中，政府等行動者要善於利用目標積極依賴關係和資源依賴關係，注重目標積極依賴關係的構建，將資源依賴關係作為促進合作的關鍵工具。

In the present study, the implementation process of a smart community pilot project in A Street, Pudong New Area, Shanghai is examined based on the framework of goal interdependence–resource dependent actor cooperation theory by using field investigations and case studies. Taking into account the three projects of intelligent group rent management, intelligent parking guidance and intelligent fire management, the micro-operation mechanism for the successful embedding of information technology into urban communities is investigated from the twin-perspective of goal interdependence and the resource dependence of the actors. It is found that: (1) The successful implementation of smart community projects funded via government investment is finally carried out through the interaction between active and passive cooperation. (2) In active cooperation, positive goal interdependence is the basis and determinant of cooperative behavior, while resource dependence plays a role in regulating and promoting the process of cooperation. The cooperative promotion strategies of core actors include interest induction and economic interest deterrence. (3) In passive cooperation, the interaction process practices a transition from conflict confrontation to compliance cooperation. The key of the cooperation transition is the resource dependence of each actor on the core actor. The conflict resolution strategy includes official sharing based on administrative authority, resource reciprocity, reciprocity and economic interest deterrence control, etc. In addition, the negative interdependence of the target drives the fragility of the cooperation. The gained insights suggest that the government actors should be good at utilizing the goal-positive dependence relationship and the resource-dependent relationship, pay attention to the construction of the goal-positive dependence relationship, and take the resource-dependent relationship as the key tool to promote cooperation in cooperative governance.