史籍與虛幻的曲折建構──論《三國演義》中的「九伐中原」

Constructions of Twists and Turns with Historic Records and Fictions——Discussion on the“Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains”in the Three Kingdoms

《三國演義》中的「九伐中原」，在小說結構上必須延續諸葛亮「六出祁山」的恢弘氣勢。然觀諸史籍，姜維北伐敗多勝少，《三國志》、《通鑑》對此事貶多於譽，顯見作家建構「九伐中原」時面對的困境與挑戰。事實上，姜維北伐共十一次，然羅貫中斷然刪除前三次戰役，以延熙十二年夏侯霸來降一事作為北伐起點，並安排姜維擊敗司馬師。羅氏在「三伐中原」前刪除「狄道之捷」，其割捨小勝的「狄道之捷」，意在強調「洮西大捷」的「大破之」三字。「四伐」敗戰，羅氏深知「五伐」是系列戰的分水嶺，刻意在退兵時將責任歸屬諸葛誕，以使姜維之氣勢不至一洩千里。羅氏虛構「六伐」、「七伐」舒緩終結之戰的憾恨，以史籍中「退屯踏中」作為「八伐」，將蜀軍的劣勢鋪寫成姜維逼退鄧艾，卻因小人進讒而無以延續戰果，故能「雖敗猶榮」。「九伐中原」雖在羅貫中筆下完成主要架構，但仍待毛宗崗評點的一錘定音。因為羅貫中其實只寫了「八伐」，故毛氏巧用評點定調「夫為取魏而屯田，雖謂之九伐焉可也」，更貫徹朱熹《通鑑綱目》的蜀漢正統論，改「犯」為「伐」，完成「九伐中原」的藝術結構。

The“Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains”in the Three Kingdoms must continue the glorious momentum of Zhuge Liang’s“Six Northern Expeditions”, thus is a great challenge to the writer. However, in the historic records, Jiang Wei was defeated more than he won the battle in the northern expeditions. San Guo Zhi and Tong Jian recorded more criticizing remarks than praises on his losses; it is obvious that the writer faced great dilemma and challenges in the construction of the part of“Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains”. In fact, Jiang Wei went on 11 northern expeditions, but Luo Guanzhong omitted the first three battles, and started the story on the northern expeditions with the surrender of Xiahou Ba in year 249. Luo also arranged the plot of Jiang Wei defeating Sima Shi. The minor win of“Victory in Didao”, which took place before the“Third Northern Expedition”, was deleted by Luo in order to stress the“grand defeat”in the“Great Victory of Taoxi”. Given the defeat in the“Fourth Northern Expedition”, Luo knew that the“Fifth Northern Expedition”was the dividing line in the series battles. Hence, he blamed the responsibility of withdrawing troops on Zhuge Dan, so that Jiang Wei would not lose his momentum. Later, Luo fabricated the“Six Northern Expedition”, and used the“Seventh Northern Expedition”to ease the regrets in ending the battles. He also used“Withdrawing to Tazhong”in the historic records as the“Eighth Northern Expedition”, and portrayed the disadvantages of Shu troops as“glorious defeat”, which described Jiang Wei forcing the retreat of Deng Ai but did not win the battle because of slandering. Although the main structure of“Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains”was completed by Luo, the plot was yet to be judged by Mao Zonggang’s critique. Since Luo only mentioned“eight expeditions”, Mao critiqued that“how could it be called nine expeditions when the man garrisoned fields to take Wei”. Mao also followed the Shu-Han legitimism in Zhu Xi’s Tong Jian Gang Mu, and changed“fan”(invasion) to“fa”(expedition), so as to complete the artistic structure of“Nine Expeditions against the Central Plains”.