美國有限合夥人表見責任之研究

The Obligations of the apparent partner on American Uniform himited Partnership Act

2015年6月24日為提供單純投資者與積極經營者，共同從事經營事業之新選擇，並促進產業發展與提昇國際競爭力，總統公布了有限合夥法（Limited Liability Partnership Law）。
有限合夥係由普通合夥人與有限合夥人組成，前者依法負責有限合夥之實際經營，並於有限合夥資產不足清償債務時負連帶責任；反之，有限合夥人，不從事有限合夥事務執行且只以出資部分，對有限合夥之債權人負責。（有限合夥法第4條、第6條、第26條第1項參照）
有限合夥人參與有限合夥業務之執行或為參與執行之表示或知他人表示其參與執行而不否認，對於第三人仍應負普通合夥人之責任。（有限合夥法第26條第2項參照），此即有限合夥人之表見責任。然為平衡有限合夥人之權益與符合實際之需要乃於第26條第3項列舉3種例外，學者稱為有限合夥人之安全港（Safe Harbor）。
美國有限合夥立法已有近200年，有限合夥人表見責任及安全港條款迭經變更；自普通法（Common Law）嚴格限制有限合夥人參與有限合夥業務執行與對外代表，然隨經濟、社會、政治與國際競爭的變動，其立法與實務判決逐漸放寬對有限合夥人表見責任的限制，尤其增加安全港條款。本文依次對美國統一有限合夥法之變動，分別針對1916、1975、1985、2001年之立法與修正做介紹、說明與解析；另就德拉瓦州有限合夥法有限合夥人表見責任與安全港條款（6 Del.C§17-303）亦詳加介紹、說明與解析；做為未來有限合夥法修正之參考。

For providing invertors and active business runners anew choice to run Business, promote enterprise develop and level international competitive power.
The present promulate Limited Liability Partnership Law in 2015.06.24.
The Liability Partnership Composes General Partners and Limited Partners. General Partners response the Limited Liability Partnership business run and represent it, they should be responsible for liability which the assets can’t satisfy the debts by joint liability. Limited Partners can’t run the business and response only what he donate.
Limited Partners join the Limited Liability Partnership business run, or present for business run or know third party express he join the business run and without denial, then he should be as aGeneral Partner. This is the apparent liability for Limited Partner. But for balance Limited Partner’s rights and interests and quit for the necessity. Article 26 Section 3promulgate three exceptions, the scholar call it as the Limited Partner Safe Harbor.
Since 1822 the United States legislated Limited Liability Partner Law. The Limited Partners apparent liability and Safe Harbor Clauses changed several times. Common Law strictly barred limited partner to join Limited Partnership business and represent it. But following the economic, society, politic and international competition, the legislative and judicial judgment gradually relieve the Limited Partners apparent liability. Specially, enlarged the Safe Harbor Clauses. This article introduce, explain and analysis the changing of Uniform Limited Act in 1916. Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act in 1976, 1985, 2001. Also including 6Del. C§17-303. The purposes is to provide the reference for the amendment in the future.