國際法院諮詢意見的司法造法性與政治異化——以有關民族自決的諮詢意見為例

The Judicial Lawmaking Nature and Political Alienation of the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice: Taking the Advisory Opinions on Self-Determination of Peoples as an Example

國際法院是界定和解釋國際法的權威機構，其諮詢意見對民族自決原則的發展產生了積極影響。但面對民族自決原則與國家主權原則的潛在衝突，相關諮詢意見的法律解釋顯示出不確定性，在一定程度上影響了國家主權的實踐，這種不確定性是諮詢意見中法律與政治邏輯的外在體現。國際法院諮詢意見在原則上不具有法律拘束力，但它的司法屬性與法律權威性不僅在事實上影響了國家行為，也進一步促進了國際法的發展，從而顯示出一定的司法造法性。然而，在特定情形下，大國政治通過影響諮詢請求的提出、國際法官的構成、法院諮詢管轄權的行使等侵蝕了國際司法公正，使得諮詢意見的司法屬性發生消極的政治異化。作為和平發展的大國，中國應正確認識國際法院諮詢意見的軟法化及其對國際法發展的重要意義，充分利用國際法院諮詢程序進一步推動國際法治和維護自身合法權益。

The International Court of Justice is an authoritative institution to identify and interpret international law. Its advisory opinions have a positive impact on the development of the principle of self-determination of peoples. However, when dealing with the potential conflict between the principle of self-determination of peoples and the principle of national sovereignty, the legal interpretation of the advisory opinion reflects uncertainty, which to some extent further affects the practice of national sovereignty. This uncertainty is a manifestation of the inherent legal and political logic in the advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice. The advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice are not legally binding in principle, but in fact their judicial attributes and legal authority not only affect the state practices, but also further promote the development of international law, thus showing a certain degree of judicial legislating nature. However, under certain circumstances, the politics of great powers erode the international judicial justice by manipulating the request for advisory opinions, the composition of international judges and the exercise of the court’s advisory jurisdiction, causing the advisory opinions system to alienate negatively. This is reflected in the cases involving self-determination and national sovereignty. As a peaceful developing country, China should correctly understand the soft law nature of the advisory opinions of the International Court of Justice and their significance to the development of international law, and make full use of the advisory procedure of the International Court of Justice to further promote the international rule of law and protect our own legitimate rights and interests.