從《四書大全》的刊刻看明代經學、科舉、出版與社會

Printing Sishu daquan (Complete Annotations of the Four Books): Confucian Classics, the Imperial Examination, Publishing, and Society in Ming China (1368–1644)

明初永樂間敕撰《四書大全》，一方面強化了朱熹《四書章句集注》的地位，另一方面欲使《大全》本身成為一代經學權威。雖然內府刊刻和頒發《大全》，但坊刻本《大全》也頻繁出版，終明之世在《大全》的流通中扮演極其重要的角色。而明代坊刻本《四書大全》的文本始終不限於內府原書的內容，體現出各時期編纂者與閱讀者不同的學術取向。考察歷史記載及今存實物，可見宣德以來直至明中葉在建陽興盛的坊刻本《四書大全》繼承元代以來科舉用書的樣式，其內容由明初劉剡增補內府原本而成，劉剡本又成為此後所有坊刻《大全》的底本；劉剡所增入內容有益科舉之需，然而同時亦補充名物制度的考據，可視為宋元朱子後學的考據學在明初的餘緒。約在萬曆後期，建陽書林余氏的新刻本《四書大全》一變舊式，成為最新流行之本；余氏又發明了一種高頭講章式的「參補」本，以眉評形式增入明儒新說，其受陽明學影響尤其顯著，亦有鮮明的折衷朱王傾向。而晚明《四書大全》的坊刻又延伸到江南的南京、蘇州等地，翻刻、翻印頻繁，蘇州本附刻王應麟《考異》也體現出考據學的興起。而崇禎間張自烈在南京編纂的《四書大全辯》不僅以修訂《大全》之名表達折衷朱王的學術觀點，更成為後期復社展示力量的工具。在並無有效出版監管制度的時代，《四書大全》一書不是剛性的，而是一種流動的、可塑的文化資源；考察《四書大全》在明代的刊刻與改編，可見明代的經學、科舉、出版與社會的密切關係。

The officially edited Sishu daquan 四書大全 (Complete Annotations of the Four Books) in the reign of the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) not only strengthened the status of Zhu Xi’s commentaries on the Four Books, but was also expected to become a new classical authority. Although the central government printed and distributed Sishu daquan, its commercial publication was also popular within society and played an important part in the circulation of the book until the end of the Ming period. The contents of these commercially published editions in the interim were not limited to that of the official edition, revealing the various intellectual and academic orientations of the editors and readership. According to historical records and extant editions, the commercial editions of Sishu daquan thriving in Jianyang from the period of the Xuande Emperor (r. 1425– 1435) to the mid-Ming followed the style of books on the imperial examination from the Yuan dynasty. The contents of these editions were supplemented by Liu Shan 劉剡 beyond their official counterpart, and it was Liu’s text that was copied by all the subsequent editions of Sishu daquan. Many of the materials Liu added to Sishu daquan were suitable for the imperial examination, but meanwhile, others concerned evidential research, which can be viewed as a legacy of the evidential research proffered by the Zhu Xi school in the Song-Yuan period. Sometime in the later years of the reign of the Wanli Emperor (r. 1572–1620), the new edition of Sishu daquan from a publisher in Jianyang by the name of Yu 余changed the former style of the book which then became the new popular edition. Yu also produced another form of the supplemented edition that included the new ideas of Ming scholars on the Four Books, especially those of Wang Yangming, thereby providing a compromise between the Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming schools. Moreover, the commercial publication of Sishu daquan spread to the Jiangnan area in the late Ming period, and at that time, the reprinting and sharing of the woodblock of Sishu daquan was common. Of the editions, the Suzhou one included Sishu kaoyi 四書考異 (Collation of the Four Books) by Wang Yinglin 王應麟as an appendix, demonstrating an intention to turn to evidential research. In Nanjing during the reign of the Chongzhen Emperor (r. 1627–1644), Zhang Zilie 張自烈made use of revising Sishu daquan to further negotiate the Zhu and Wang schools, and his new edition played a political role in the demonstrations of “Fu She” (Restoration Society) in its later years. Without long-term, effective forms of publishing supervision or authority, Sishu daquan was not rigid but a fluid and malleable cultural resource. The life of Sishu daquan in the Ming dynasty thus indicates the close relationship between classic texts, the imperial examination, publishing, and society in Ming China.