元、明刊《居家必用》與家庭百科的誕生

Jujia biyong (Necessary Knowledge for Family Use) and the Birth of the Household Encyclopedia in China

一般對家庭百科的討論集中在晚明，然而元代建陽書坊出版的《居家必用》是中國已知最早分類輯纂家用知識的商業出版品。這種書籍類型以「家用」為主題收集文本知識，以類書形式編纂，並且刊印為商品，在市場上流通。此種內容、形式與流通方式的結合承繼了兩股宋代以來的潮流：文本大量流通促使分類知識參考書的商業化，以及社會結構的變遷產生對家訓、蒙書等家庭相關文本知識的需求。在兩股潮流的匯集之下，同時亦出版各種參考書的元代建陽書商輯纂分類、簡化的家庭知識，讓這些文本更容易取得。不少宋元文本亦因這些參考書而得以流傳後世。到了明代，司禮監刊印的《居家必用》被書坊大量翻印，取代元代以來多元的版本，成為後世流傳的定本。司禮監刊印之《居家必用》結構更為嚴謹，且更反映出理學影響下的理想家庭。「家庭百科」這樣的出版類型在明代中晚期大量出現，而最早的《居家必用》仍持續重刊，但始終保持宋元之前的內容，未增添新材料，本身成為家庭知識的權威文本。《居家必用》所開創的書籍類型與家庭知識的架構被後來的家庭百科所承繼，而這些家庭百科收集的文本知識及其蘊含的家庭理想，是元明以來家庭與宗族實踐之思想基礎的重要來源。

Most scholarship discusses Chinese “household encyclopedias” in the late Ming context; however, Jujia biyong, or Necessary Knowledge for Family Use, published in Jianyang during the Yuan, is the earliest extant commercial imprint that classifies textual knowledge for the family. This new genre made “family” a field of knowledge, categorized selected texts and printed them as a commodity. This new genre in the Yuan resulted from two trends that began in the Song. First, more encyclopedia and reference books were printed by commercial publishers because of the increasing number of circulated texts and the growing market for classified textual knowledge. Second, textual knowledge related to family was in demand to educate descendants and maintain family or lineage organization because of the changing social structure and the rise of a new social stratum. Experienced reference book publishers in the Yuan dynasty district of Jianyang, therefore, created an encyclopedia of classified and simplified family knowledge to make these texts easily accessible to zealous readers. During the Ming, in addition to commercial publishers, Jujia biyong was also reprinted by the Directorate of Ceremony at court. The court edition was soon reprinted and widely distributed by commercial publishers, replacing various editions dating from the Yuan, and became the standard edition of this title. This standard edition was wellstructured and provided a Neo-Confucian image of the ideal family. While the “household encyclopedia” genre flourished during the late Ming, Jujia biyong kept being printed, but publishers did not add new materials and kept its Song-Yuan contents intact. Instead of a manual for practical use, Jujia biyong became an authoritative source of family knowledge after the late Ming. The formation and the knowledge structure created by Jujia biyong was inherited by later household encyclopedias. During the late imperial period, the textual knowledge and the family ideal disseminated by these manuals became an important intellectual foundation for family and lineage practices throughout China.