秦漢竹簡「索魚」詞義的再認識――兼釋古文獻「枯魚」的意義

Reconsidering the Meaning of “suoyu” in Excavated Qin and Han Manuscripts, also on the Meaning of “kuyu” in Transmitted Literature

新出土秦漢竹簡有「索魚」一詞。朱德熙、裘錫圭指出「索魚」指乾魚，裘氏又以為由於乾魚通常總是穿在繩索上掛起來的緣故，所以稱為「索魚」。劉釗在裘氏說法的基礎上認為，「索魚」指乾魚，「索」應訓為「乾」，「索魚」即是臘魚，而「索」和「臘」有意義關係。朱湘蓉主張「索」讀為「腊」，「腊魚」即指乾魚，秦簡日書原整理者應是這種讀法，只是誤將「腊」作「臘」。學者多從裘、劉二氏之說，本文主要辨析此說不合理之處，進而證成讀為「腊魚」之說可信。《莊子‧外物》「曾不如早索我於枯魚之肆」，《韓詩外傳》卷一「枯魚銜索，幾何不蠹？」現代學者對於「枯魚」的意義有不同的看法，裘錫圭認為是指乾魚，吳小如則認為指失水的生魚。本文考察文獻上的用法指出，「枯魚」有兩種意義：失水的生魚、乾腊的乾魚。「枯魚之肆」指乾魚市場，而「枯魚銜索」的「枯魚」則指失水的生魚。二種意義應分別看待，不可一概而論。

The word “suoyu” appears in newly unearthed bamboo and wooden manuscripts of the Qin and Han dynasties. Zhu Dexi and Qiu Xigui interpreted it as “dried fish,” and Professor Qiu further explained that this is because dried fish was usually hanging on a rope (suo). Building on this interpretation, Liu Zhao thought that the “suo” in “suoyu” means “dried” (gan), and that “suoyu” therefore means “cured fish” (layu); he suggested that there is a semantic connection between “suo” and “la.” However, Zhu Xiangrong proposed that “suo” should be read as “xi” and “suoyu” is “xiyu,” which means “dried fish.” The word “xiyu” appears in the manuscript Day book (rishu) excavated from a Qin tomb at Shuihudi in Hubei. The modern editors have correctly interpreted this word but mistakenly transcribed “xiyu” as “layu” in the simplified Chinese script. This paper supports Professor Zhu’s interpretation and further analyzes and explains why the interpretations of Professors Qiu and Liu went awry. In transmitted traditional literature, the word “kuyu” appears in Zhuangzi and Hanshi waizhuan. Scholars have different opinions on the meaning of “kuyu.” Qiu Xigui interpreted it as “dried fish,” while Wu Xiaoru interpreted it as “fish without water.” This paper shows that both meanings appeared in traditional literature. For example, it appears in Chapter 26 of Zhuangzi, meaning a “cured-fish shop.” On the other hand, in Chapter 1 of Hanshi waizhuan, it means “a live fish out of water.” These two different meanings of this same word should not be mixed up.