元代的夷夏觀念潛流

The Undercurrent of Proto-Nationalism in the Yuan Dynasty

元明易代之際，由朱元璋部發布的〈諭中原檄〉，是中國近世思想史上的重要文獻，其激越的夷夏觀念，曾是中國近代民族主義的重要源頭。然而根據現有研究，元代漢人缺乏族群意識自覺，甚至元明易代，或被視作是一場後人「想像」出來的族群革命。在這一研究脈絡下，〈諭中原檄〉遂為無源之水，成為一份突兀的思想史文本。本文嘗試發掘史料，勾稽有元一代漢人族群意識由隱而復顯的歷史。雖然並非元代士人的主流話語，但夷夏觀念一直是元代思想界的潛流。面對北方的壓力，宋金季年都曾以儒家的夷夏理論，作為文化抵抗的工具，士人都曾籠罩於夷夏話語之下。入元之後，這類論調在文獻中驟然消退，但這並不表明士人思想隨著王朝易代即刻發生轉向，而是反映了元初政治壓力導致的遺民話語抑制。作為思想潛流，元人的夷夏觀不僅反映在文字上，也反映在行為上。堅持故國衣冠、不從北俗，或者身為元人而眷念宋朝，都是這一思想潛流的體現。元代夷夏話語的文字表達，大多是隱性的，借助典故與比喻等修辭手法包裹起來，需要在特定語境中方可理解。直到元季，這股思想潛流再度凸現，成為元明易代的思想基調之一。〈諭中原檄〉即誕生於元末的夷夏語境當中，其遠源是宋人重新詮釋的《春秋》等儒學理論，近源則是元代漢人潛在的族群意識與各種夷夏論述。

The Yu zhongyuan xi (諭中原檄), issued by Zhu Yuanzhang during the transition between the Yuan and Ming, was significant in Chinese early modern history because of its radical proto-nationalism. But according to existing research, the Han group (漢人) in the Yuan dynasty lacked ethnic consciousness. The Yuan-Ming transition is even regarded as “an imaged ethnic revolution.” In this context, the Yu zhongyuan xi is without intellectual roots. This essay investigates proto-nationalism in the Yuan dynasty. Although it did not dominate the Han elites, proto-nationalism persisted throughout the Yuan dynasty. Faced with pressure from northern nomads, both Southern Song and Jin utilized protonationalism within the Confucian order (such as in hua yi zhi bian 華夷之辨and yi xia zhi fang 夷夏之防) as a mechanism of resistance, which deeply affected the elites. In the early Yuan, these nationalistic discourses almost completely disappeared in the historical record. This phenomenon should not be interpreted as a sudden intellectual conversion of the elites. On the contrary, it reflects the pressure of Mongolian rule. As a kind of intellectual undercurrent, proto-nationalism within the Yuan elites was reflected not only in writings, but also in behavior such as preserving the habit of wearing Han dress, rejecting nomadic customs and longing for the previous dynasty. Using different rhetoric, these nationalistic discourses were obscure, and could only be understood in special contexts. Not until the late Yuan did these discourses emerge again publicly and become a foundational concept of the Yuan-Ming transition. The Yu zhongyuan xi is a compilation of these ethnic expressions. It has two intellectual sources. One can be traced back to the Yi-xia theory reinterpreted in the Song dynasty, and the other is the undercurrent of ethnicity within the Han group in the Mongolian era.