邶、康丘與殷墟——清華簡《繫年》與周初史事重構

Bei, Kangqiu and Yin Ruins: A Reconstruction of the Related Historical Events of the Early Zhou Dynasty Based on the Xinian of the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips

史載周武王克商後，設「三監」來管理商王畿地區，但何謂「三監」，如何管理？史書記載卻頗為紛雜。又，武王死後，武庚與「三監」發動叛亂，周成王平叛後，讓康叔管理商王畿。但何年分封、如何分封，出土文獻與史書記載亦多歧異。對於這些問題，從漢代至今，古今學者眾說紛紜而莫衷一是。本文通過考證清華簡《繫年》，認為《繫年》所謂「先建康叔于康丘」指康叔分封在成王四年普遍分封諸侯之「先」，具體在成王二年；並結合《漢書‧地理志》等考證出康丘是康叔在邶建立都邑的地點，而邶即在殷墟。並認為，周武王在克商之後立武庚、設三監，主要是鑒於當時仍很強大的商人勢力。「三監」具有軍監性質，駐軍地點是邶、鄘、衛三地。周成王二年「克殷」之後，將邶、鄘之民中的大部分遷到九里囚禁之，後又遷到洛邑。未遷走所餘之殷民分為兩部分：邶地之民分給康叔；鄘地之民分給微子啟，不久被遷到宋國。邶、鄘之民被遷後，成王將整個商王畿分給康叔管轄，具體分封的地點是康丘（即在殷墟）。由於商王畿地域遼闊，康叔與其子中旄父分而治之，分別管轄「殷（邶、鄘）」與「東（衛）」。成王三年踐奄之後，康叔到周王朝任司寇，其所轄之民又從康丘遷到衛，遷衛時間在成王四年。殷墟的形成主要有兩方面原因：一方面是由於周人的破壞，另一方面則是殷民的外遷。形成時間亦在周成王二年克殷之後。

Historically, King Wu of Zhou set up the sanjian (three supervisors, 三監) to manage the area of Shang wangji (the capital of Shang, 商王畿). Who were the sanjian and how were they managed? The received historical record is rather chaotic and complicated. Moreover, after King Wu’s death, Wugeng (武庚) and the sanjian rebelled. After King Cheng of Zhou successfully suppressed the rebellion, he allowed Kangshu (康叔) to manage the Shang wangji. However, there are many differences between excavated documents and the received historical record. From the Han dynasty to the present, scholars have discussed many of the above issues but have not reached a consensus. Through textual research on the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips, this paper takes the position that the so-called “Xian jian Kangshu yu Kangqiu” (先建康叔于康丘) in the text means that Kangshu was made a prince before many others were made princes; the specific time was in the second year of King Cheng of Zhou. Based on “Geographical Records” of the Hanshu, I think Kangqiu was the place where Kangshu established his capital, called Bei, which was at the site of the Yin Ruins. I also argue that King Wu of Zhou installed Wugeng and set up the sanjian after he conquered the Shang dynasty, mainly because of the Shang’s strength at that time. The role of the sanjian was one of military supervision, and the garrison locations were at Bei, Yong and Wei. Two years after conquering the Shang dynasty, King Cheng of Zhou moved most of the people of Bei and Yong to Jiuli (九里) and then to Luoyi (洛邑). The remaining Yin people who did not move were divided into two parts: the people of Bei were given to Kangshu, and the people of Yong were given to Weiziqi (微子啟), who was soon moved to the state of Song (宋). After the populations of Bei and Yong were moved, King Cheng turned over supervision of the entire Shang wangji to Kangshu, with the specific location of the fief being Kangqiu (located at the Yin Ruins). Because of the vastness of this territory, Kangshu and his son Zhongmaofu (中旄父) separately ruled Yin (Bei and Yong) and Dong (Wei), respectively. After the annihilation of the country called Yan in the third year of King Cheng, Kangshu went to the Zhou dynasty to serve as the minister of justice, and his people were moved from Kangqiu to Wei in the fourth year of King Cheng. There are two main reasons for the ruination of Yin: the destruction caused by the Zhou people and the migration of the Yin people. The ruination of Yin was complete after the second year of King Cheng of Zhou.